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ephe 444 > final exam review > Flashcards

final exam review Flashcards

1
Q

measurement:

A

administer test for purpose of obtaining score and collecting info

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2
Q

evaluation:

A

interpret score, place a value judgement on the measurement, and making decision about results

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3
Q

stages of testing:

A
  1. test selection
  2. preparation
  3. administration
  4. data processing
  5. decision making and feedback
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4
Q

*prescreening doc

A
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5
Q

can a test be valid but not reliable?

A

no
*can be reliable but not valid

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6
Q

how would you say a test is valid (include which components?)

A

this test can be used to make decisions about (underlying construct being measured) in (intended population) for (intended purpose and situation) because (provide evidence of validity)

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7
Q

test selection:

A

what we are testing and why
consider:
are scores repeatable?
are we remaining objective?
are we measuring actual construct?
sensitivity
practicality
participant burden

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8
Q

preparation:

A

obtain consent forms
calibrate equipment
consider sources of measurement error

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9
Q

administration:

A

testing sequence - consider motivation, safety, preparation

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10
Q

data processing:

A

interpreting results requires using an appropriate statistics protocol

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11
Q

decision making and feedback

A

a criterion score (needs to be gold standard for test) indicates a person’s ability - pass/fail

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12
Q

typical testing sequence (8):

A
  1. screening
  2. non fatiguing tests (flexibility, jump, body comp)
  3. agility
  4. max power/ strength
  5. sprint
  6. muscle endurance
  7. anaerobic capacity
  8. aerobic capacity (performed on different day)
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13
Q

4 sources of measurement error:

A
  1. test
  2. test administrators
  3. test subjects
  4. environment
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14
Q

what is validity? what 3 characteristics does it rely on?

A

how well a test measures what it is supposed to
1. reliability
2. relevant (does is accurately measure desired outcome)
3. scores - do they make sense & are interpretable?

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15
Q

objectivity
depends on:

A

consistency b/n 2 judgements of performance - test is objective when eliminate scorer’s bias/ personal opinion
depends on:
- Competency of judges
- Clarity of scoring system
- Degree to which judge can assign scores
accurately

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16
Q

logical validity:

A

content validity - does tested movement mimic real life situation?
determined by experts opinion

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17
Q

construct validity:

A

examines the degree to which a test measures hypothetical, subjective constructs and abstract skills

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18
Q

criterion validity

A

the relationship between scores from a test against the gold standard for criterion measurement

R greater or equal to 0.80 and an R closer to 1 suggests strong validity

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19
Q

types of criterion validity:

A

predictive
concurrent

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20
Q

predictive validity

A

criterion measured in the future (weeks, months, years later) to generate predictions on performance for a given construct

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21
Q

concurrent validity

A

extent of to which agreement between two measures taken at approximately the same time. It compares a new assessment with one that has already been tested and proven to be valid.

(Negative R value suggests inverse relationship between two measurements)

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22
Q

intra-rater reliability

A

measure w same instrument on 2 separate occasion to observe the level of agreement b/n trials

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23
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

measure of consistency - used to evaluate extent to which different judges agree in their assessment decisions

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24
Q

How to reduce measurement error/ reliability be impacted by adjusting:

A
  • Valid and reliable tests
    • Instructions - standardized
    • Test complexity - straightforward?
    • Warm up and test trials
    • Equipment quality and preparation -
      calibrated?
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25
Q

physical activity vs exercise:

A

Physical activity: any form of bodily movement which results in caloric expenditure

Exercise: any activity which is planned, organized, and structured

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26
Q

what does TEE =

A

REE + TEF + AEE

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27
Q

direct calorimetry:
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality

A

high
high
high
high
low
low

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28
Q

doubly-labeled water:
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality

A

high - considered gold standard for TEE
high
high
low
no
low - expensive

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29
Q

pedometer:
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality

A

moderate
moderate
low
low
moderate
high

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30
Q

wearable devices:
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality

A

moderate
moderate
low/moderate
low
moderate
high

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31
Q

questionnaires
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality

A

low/ moderate
high
low/moderate
low
yes
high

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32
Q

why measure body comp as a part of a test battery?

A
  • classify disease risk
  • sport performance
  • weight management
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33
Q

fat free mass:

A

all tissue that do not contain fat: organs, bones, tendons, muscle, blood, water

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34
Q

essential fat:

A

fat required to maintain normal physiological functions

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35
Q

storage fat

A

fat stored within adipose tissue beneath skin

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36
Q

1 compartment model

A

scale

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37
Q

2 compartment model

A

fat and fat free mass
*underestimates %bf for sinkers (>1.10)
and overestimates for floaters (<1.10)

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38
Q

3 compartment model

A

fat mass, body water, protein&minerals

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39
Q

4 compartment model

A

fat mass, body water, protein, minerals

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40
Q

how can we directly measure body comp?

A

cadaver analysis

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41
Q

how can we indirectly measure body comp?

A

hydrostatic weighing
bodpod
dexa

42
Q

who is hydrostatic weighing appropriate for?

A
  • not for those who cant swim or hold head underwater
  • test takes a few hours
43
Q

who is bodpod appropriate for?

A

not if you’re
- clausterphobic
- overweight
- super hairy
pregos can yay!
limited time - takes 20min total

44
Q

who is dexa appropriate for?

A

not doing:
- with pregos
- if you can’t fit on the bed,
do w everyone else - quicker and more convenient, high validity (emerging gold standard)

45
Q

what are doubly indirect methods of measuring body comp?

A

(comparing results of test to other validated indirect test)
BIA
BMI
skin folds

46
Q

con of each doubly indirect method

A

BIA - only reliable if extensive protocols followed
BMI - validated for only specific populations, add WC to be useful
skin folds - hugely dependent on technician

47
Q

aerobic fitness:

A

ability of heart, lungs, and circulatory system to deliver oxygen to working muscles and the ability of muscles to utilize available oxygen to perform exercise

48
Q

what is VO2 max?

A

max rate o2 can be taken into body, transported and utilized to perform work, measure of aerobic POWER

49
Q

what is VO2 peak?

A

highest recorded vo2 during GXT regardless of VO2 plateau or RER >1.15

50
Q

VO2 peak criteria:

A
  • Failure HR to increase with load and w/n 15bpm of Hrmax
  • Venous lactate conc. > or = to 8mmol
  • Volitional Fatigue
  • RER > or = 1.15
51
Q

VO2 max criteria:

A
  • Failure HR to increase with load and w/n 15bpm of Hrmax
  • Venous lactate conc. > or = to 8mmol
  • Volitional Fatigue
  • RER > or = 1.15
    AND
    reach plateau despite increase in workload
52
Q

what indicates that VO2 plateau has been reached?

A

changes in VO2< 2mL/kg/min

53
Q

whos more likely to reach vo2max vs peak?

A

max: highly trained
peak: deconditioned, special populations

54
Q

direct VO2 max test: best suited for?

A

unlimited time/ budget, trained staff

55
Q

who is Bruce best suited for?

A

go to volitional max
*****

56
Q

who is shuttle run/ beep test best suited for?

A

large groups/ teams
- there is big learning curve

57
Q

what are the submax indirect aerobic tests:

A

astrand
queens college
coopoers 1.5 mile

58
Q

what do indirect tests measure?

A

measure a construct known to be predictive to actual construct of interest

59
Q

what are the 3 assumptions made w/ indirect tests regarding HR, PO and VO2?

A

linear relationship exists b/n the 3:

VO2 increases with power output until plateau is reached
HR increases with power output
HR increases with VO2 until plateau is reached

60
Q

what are 2 other indirect test big assumptions and realities?

A

Max HR for a given age is uniform –> HR can vary up to ±20𝑏𝑝𝑚
Mechanical efficiency (VO2 at a given work rate) is the same for everyone –> A runner with poor running economy would exhibit higher VO2/HR at any given running speed than an economical runner
submax: steady state HR obtained for each work rate

61
Q

how do indirect maximal tests usually estimate VO2 max?

A

estimate by performance time

62
Q

how to calculate when anaerobic threshold is met:

A

(VO2 where R is at or above 1)/ (VO2 max or peak)

63
Q

csep indirect submaximal tests:

A

cycle erg
mcaft
one mile walk
single stage treadmill test

64
Q

cycle erg
warm up and # of stages

A

3 min warm up, load 25W or 0.5kp
3 min stages throughout if SSHR reached - add extra minute if not

65
Q

cycle erg protocol

A

explain and fit bike
everyone starts at 50 rpm
measure HR at end of each minute
HR in last min of first workload determines column you remain in for whole test - increase resistance accordingly

66
Q

cycle erg end criteria

A

2 workloads where SSHR b/n 110bpm and 85%HRmax

67
Q

pros vs cons of cycle erg test

A

pros:
easy
low burden
good for seniors/ injuries/ balance issues
easy to compare, norms available

cons:
pricey
one person at a time
not good for inexperienced on bike or very experienced
50rpm is slow

68
Q

mcaft warm up and # of stages

A

start stage based on age and sex, max 8 stages

69
Q

mcaft protocol

A

3 minute stages w standardized rhythm
ensure client is standing fully straight, entire foot on step

70
Q

mcaft end criteria

A

cannot maintain cadence or 85%HRmax

71
Q

mcaft pros vs cons

A

pros:
easy to follow
dont need to be well trained
mass testing IF population homogenous
relatively inexpensive

cons:
steps
can max out of test and underpredict VO@

72
Q

one mile walk warm up and protocol

A

light pace for 3 min
walk

73
Q

one mile walk end criteria

A

nothing aside from signs of distress

74
Q

one mile walk pros vs cons

A

pros:
easy
limited equipment
if you can walk you can do it

cons:
hard on injuries/ poor balance
difficult to control environment
lack of standardized surface

75
Q

single stage treadmill test warm up and stages

A

4 min warm up - HR 50-70%HRmax
one stage for workload

76
Q

ss treadmill protocol and end criteria

A

after warm up go to 5% grade at same speed
reach SSHR - if havent add a 5th minute
get HR at end

77
Q

SS treadmill pros vs cons

A

pros:
quick
good for multiple populations
easy to administer

cons:
not if balance issues
treadmill can malfunction

78
Q

astrand test pros vs cons

A

valid for seniors
can do if have injuries
only one person at a time

79
Q

queens college pros vs cons

A

cant maintain cadence/ balance issues/ knee or ankle pain
can be fast
need stairs

80
Q

coopers 1.5 mile pros vs cons

A

not good for older adults/ deconditioned
good for elite
need correct surface

81
Q

what is MSK fitness an integration between?
(5)

A

muscular strength
muscular endurance
muscular power
flexibility
balance

82
Q

muscular strength

A

ability of a muscle or a group of muscles to exert maximal external force (single contraction or very short period)
ex: 1RM

83
Q

muscular endurance

A

ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time
ex: back extension

84
Q

muscular power

A

peak capability of a muscle to generate force - highest power attainable in a single movement (integration of muscle strength and velocity)
ex: vertical jump - few seconds

85
Q

flexibility

A

range of motion of a joint
ex: sit and reach

86
Q

balance

A

ability to keep the body’s center of gravity within the base of support
ex: Y balance

87
Q

absolute strength method:

A

no adjustment for body mass differences

(more you way more you lift - rule 99% of the time)

88
Q

Relative method of adjustment/ expression of relative strength

A

flip absolute - weight lifted/body mass - invert effect, lighter individuals score better

89
Q

allometric scaling

A

remove effect of body mass
use equation w/ exponent

90
Q

static strength tests:

A

handgrip - predictor of future all cause mortality, across demographics and SE classes
isometric mid thigh pull - correlated to VJ, sprint speed, reliable

91
Q

1RM test protocols
warm up:
attempts:
which score is used?

A

warm up
1 set of 5-10 reps at 40-60% estimated 1RM
1-2 sets 3-5 reps at 60-80% estimated 1RM

attempts
3-5min rest b/n each lift
repeat until client fails to complete lift
achieve 1RM w/n 3-5 trials

weight lifted in last successful repetition

92
Q

what groups would you do 1RM test with?

A

Do w athletes, gen pop = gray area (limited training experience = p 1RM instead)

93
Q

p1RM test protocols
warm up:
attempts:
what is clients does >10 or <6 reps?

A

warm up
aerobic followed by 40-60% of estimated 1RM for 5-10reps

attempts
1 set of 10 reps at 60-80% of estimated 1RM

> 10 reps = allow 2-3 min rest, repeat w increased load
<6 reps = rest, repeat w/ decreased load

94
Q

why use p1RM instead of 1RM?

A

deconditioned, less familiar w movement patterns, time

95
Q

how to determine % 1RM from # reps completed

A

divide weight lifted by %1RM

96
Q

examples of static and dynamic muscular endurance testing:

A

static = maintain position for as long as possible ex: flexed arm hang
dynamic = AMRAP against submaximal load until volitional fatigue ex: YMCA bench press

97
Q

anaerobic power

A

max rate of ATP utilization using anaerobic metabolism per unit of time - force produced when muscles contract at a high speed

done in ~ 30 seconds
ex: wingate, cunningham, stair climb test

98
Q

why is it not recommended to use YMCA bench press test with super strong or weak individuals?

A

AMRAP
weak = not measure of true muscle endurance (becomes max strength)
strong = max out test, not accurate measure

99
Q

similarities and differences b/n muscular power and anaerobic power:

A

anaerobic power: anaerobic glycolysis, 30-40 seconds - max rate of ATP utilization using glycolysis

muscular power: PCr, 1-10seconds - peak capability of muscle to generate force

100
Q

cunningham

A

ephe 444 (5 decks)

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