final exam review Flashcards
measurement:
administer test for purpose of obtaining score and collecting info
evaluation:
interpret score, place a value judgement on the measurement, and making decision about results
stages of testing:
- test selection
- preparation
- administration
- data processing
- decision making and feedback
*prescreening doc
can a test be valid but not reliable?
no
*can be reliable but not valid
how would you say a test is valid (include which components?)
this test can be used to make decisions about (underlying construct being measured) in (intended population) for (intended purpose and situation) because (provide evidence of validity)
test selection:
what we are testing and why
consider:
are scores repeatable?
are we remaining objective?
are we measuring actual construct?
sensitivity
practicality
participant burden
preparation:
obtain consent forms
calibrate equipment
consider sources of measurement error
administration:
testing sequence - consider motivation, safety, preparation
data processing:
interpreting results requires using an appropriate statistics protocol
decision making and feedback
a criterion score (needs to be gold standard for test) indicates a person’s ability - pass/fail
typical testing sequence (8):
- screening
- non fatiguing tests (flexibility, jump, body comp)
- agility
- max power/ strength
- sprint
- muscle endurance
- anaerobic capacity
- aerobic capacity (performed on different day)
4 sources of measurement error:
- test
- test administrators
- test subjects
- environment
what is validity? what 3 characteristics does it rely on?
how well a test measures what it is supposed to
1. reliability
2. relevant (does is accurately measure desired outcome)
3. scores - do they make sense & are interpretable?
objectivity
depends on:
consistency b/n 2 judgements of performance - test is objective when eliminate scorer’s bias/ personal opinion
depends on:
- Competency of judges
- Clarity of scoring system
- Degree to which judge can assign scores
accurately
logical validity:
content validity - does tested movement mimic real life situation?
determined by experts opinion
construct validity:
examines the degree to which a test measures hypothetical, subjective constructs and abstract skills
criterion validity
the relationship between scores from a test against the gold standard for criterion measurement
R greater or equal to 0.80 and an R closer to 1 suggests strong validity
types of criterion validity:
predictive
concurrent
predictive validity
criterion measured in the future (weeks, months, years later) to generate predictions on performance for a given construct
concurrent validity
extent of to which agreement between two measures taken at approximately the same time. It compares a new assessment with one that has already been tested and proven to be valid.
(Negative R value suggests inverse relationship between two measurements)
intra-rater reliability
measure w same instrument on 2 separate occasion to observe the level of agreement b/n trials
inter-rater reliability
measure of consistency - used to evaluate extent to which different judges agree in their assessment decisions
How to reduce measurement error/ reliability be impacted by adjusting:
- Valid and reliable tests
- Instructions - standardized
- Test complexity - straightforward?
- Warm up and test trials
- Equipment quality and preparation -
calibrated?
physical activity vs exercise:
Physical activity: any form of bodily movement which results in caloric expenditure
Exercise: any activity which is planned, organized, and structured
what does TEE =
REE + TEF + AEE
direct calorimetry:
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality
high
high
high
high
low
low
doubly-labeled water:
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality
high - considered gold standard for TEE
high
high
low
no
low - expensive
pedometer:
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality
moderate
moderate
low
low
moderate
high
wearable devices:
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality
moderate
moderate
low/moderate
low
moderate
high
questionnaires
validity
reliability
objectivity
participant burden
PA describe by FITT
practicality
low/ moderate
high
low/moderate
low
yes
high
why measure body comp as a part of a test battery?
- classify disease risk
- sport performance
- weight management
fat free mass:
all tissue that do not contain fat: organs, bones, tendons, muscle, blood, water
essential fat:
fat required to maintain normal physiological functions
storage fat
fat stored within adipose tissue beneath skin
1 compartment model
scale
2 compartment model
fat and fat free mass
*underestimates %bf for sinkers (>1.10)
and overestimates for floaters (<1.10)
3 compartment model
fat mass, body water, protein&minerals
4 compartment model
fat mass, body water, protein, minerals
how can we directly measure body comp?
cadaver analysis
how can we indirectly measure body comp?
hydrostatic weighing
bodpod
dexa
who is hydrostatic weighing appropriate for?
- not for those who cant swim or hold head underwater
- test takes a few hours
who is bodpod appropriate for?
not if you’re
- clausterphobic
- overweight
- super hairy
pregos can yay!
limited time - takes 20min total
who is dexa appropriate for?
not doing:
- with pregos
- if you can’t fit on the bed,
do w everyone else - quicker and more convenient, high validity (emerging gold standard)
what are doubly indirect methods of measuring body comp?
(comparing results of test to other validated indirect test)
BIA
BMI
skin folds
con of each doubly indirect method
BIA - only reliable if extensive protocols followed
BMI - validated for only specific populations, add WC to be useful
skin folds - hugely dependent on technician
aerobic fitness:
ability of heart, lungs, and circulatory system to deliver oxygen to working muscles and the ability of muscles to utilize available oxygen to perform exercise
what is VO2 max?
max rate o2 can be taken into body, transported and utilized to perform work, measure of aerobic POWER
what is VO2 peak?
highest recorded vo2 during GXT regardless of VO2 plateau or RER >1.15
VO2 peak criteria:
- Failure HR to increase with load and w/n 15bpm of Hrmax
- Venous lactate conc. > or = to 8mmol
- Volitional Fatigue
- RER > or = 1.15
VO2 max criteria:
- Failure HR to increase with load and w/n 15bpm of Hrmax
- Venous lactate conc. > or = to 8mmol
- Volitional Fatigue
- RER > or = 1.15
AND
reach plateau despite increase in workload
what indicates that VO2 plateau has been reached?
changes in VO2< 2mL/kg/min
whos more likely to reach vo2max vs peak?
max: highly trained
peak: deconditioned, special populations
direct VO2 max test: best suited for?
unlimited time/ budget, trained staff
who is Bruce best suited for?
go to volitional max
*****
who is shuttle run/ beep test best suited for?
large groups/ teams
- there is big learning curve
what are the submax indirect aerobic tests:
astrand
queens college
coopoers 1.5 mile
what do indirect tests measure?
measure a construct known to be predictive to actual construct of interest
what are the 3 assumptions made w/ indirect tests regarding HR, PO and VO2?
linear relationship exists b/n the 3:
VO2 increases with power output until plateau is reached
HR increases with power output
HR increases with VO2 until plateau is reached
what are 2 other indirect test big assumptions and realities?
Max HR for a given age is uniform –> HR can vary up to ±20𝑏𝑝𝑚
Mechanical efficiency (VO2 at a given work rate) is the same for everyone –> A runner with poor running economy would exhibit higher VO2/HR at any given running speed than an economical runner
submax: steady state HR obtained for each work rate
how do indirect maximal tests usually estimate VO2 max?
estimate by performance time
how to calculate when anaerobic threshold is met:
(VO2 where R is at or above 1)/ (VO2 max or peak)
csep indirect submaximal tests:
cycle erg
mcaft
one mile walk
single stage treadmill test
cycle erg
warm up and # of stages
3 min warm up, load 25W or 0.5kp
3 min stages throughout if SSHR reached - add extra minute if not
cycle erg protocol
explain and fit bike
everyone starts at 50 rpm
measure HR at end of each minute
HR in last min of first workload determines column you remain in for whole test - increase resistance accordingly
cycle erg end criteria
2 workloads where SSHR b/n 110bpm and 85%HRmax
pros vs cons of cycle erg test
pros:
easy
low burden
good for seniors/ injuries/ balance issues
easy to compare, norms available
cons:
pricey
one person at a time
not good for inexperienced on bike or very experienced
50rpm is slow
mcaft warm up and # of stages
start stage based on age and sex, max 8 stages
mcaft protocol
3 minute stages w standardized rhythm
ensure client is standing fully straight, entire foot on step
mcaft end criteria
cannot maintain cadence or 85%HRmax
mcaft pros vs cons
pros:
easy to follow
dont need to be well trained
mass testing IF population homogenous
relatively inexpensive
cons:
steps
can max out of test and underpredict VO@
one mile walk warm up and protocol
light pace for 3 min
walk
one mile walk end criteria
nothing aside from signs of distress
one mile walk pros vs cons
pros:
easy
limited equipment
if you can walk you can do it
cons:
hard on injuries/ poor balance
difficult to control environment
lack of standardized surface
single stage treadmill test warm up and stages
4 min warm up - HR 50-70%HRmax
one stage for workload
ss treadmill protocol and end criteria
after warm up go to 5% grade at same speed
reach SSHR - if havent add a 5th minute
get HR at end
SS treadmill pros vs cons
pros:
quick
good for multiple populations
easy to administer
cons:
not if balance issues
treadmill can malfunction
astrand test pros vs cons
valid for seniors
can do if have injuries
only one person at a time
queens college pros vs cons
cant maintain cadence/ balance issues/ knee or ankle pain
can be fast
need stairs
coopers 1.5 mile pros vs cons
not good for older adults/ deconditioned
good for elite
need correct surface
what is MSK fitness an integration between?
(5)
muscular strength
muscular endurance
muscular power
flexibility
balance
muscular strength
ability of a muscle or a group of muscles to exert maximal external force (single contraction or very short period)
ex: 1RM
muscular endurance
ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time
ex: back extension
muscular power
peak capability of a muscle to generate force - highest power attainable in a single movement (integration of muscle strength and velocity)
ex: vertical jump - few seconds
flexibility
range of motion of a joint
ex: sit and reach
balance
ability to keep the body’s center of gravity within the base of support
ex: Y balance
absolute strength method:
no adjustment for body mass differences
(more you way more you lift - rule 99% of the time)
Relative method of adjustment/ expression of relative strength
flip absolute - weight lifted/body mass - invert effect, lighter individuals score better
allometric scaling
remove effect of body mass
use equation w/ exponent
static strength tests:
handgrip - predictor of future all cause mortality, across demographics and SE classes
isometric mid thigh pull - correlated to VJ, sprint speed, reliable
1RM test protocols
warm up:
attempts:
which score is used?
warm up
1 set of 5-10 reps at 40-60% estimated 1RM
1-2 sets 3-5 reps at 60-80% estimated 1RM
attempts
3-5min rest b/n each lift
repeat until client fails to complete lift
achieve 1RM w/n 3-5 trials
weight lifted in last successful repetition
what groups would you do 1RM test with?
Do w athletes, gen pop = gray area (limited training experience = p 1RM instead)
p1RM test protocols
warm up:
attempts:
what is clients does >10 or <6 reps?
warm up
aerobic followed by 40-60% of estimated 1RM for 5-10reps
attempts
1 set of 10 reps at 60-80% of estimated 1RM
> 10 reps = allow 2-3 min rest, repeat w increased load
<6 reps = rest, repeat w/ decreased load
why use p1RM instead of 1RM?
deconditioned, less familiar w movement patterns, time
how to determine % 1RM from # reps completed
divide weight lifted by %1RM
examples of static and dynamic muscular endurance testing:
static = maintain position for as long as possible ex: flexed arm hang
dynamic = AMRAP against submaximal load until volitional fatigue ex: YMCA bench press
anaerobic power
max rate of ATP utilization using anaerobic metabolism per unit of time - force produced when muscles contract at a high speed
done in ~ 30 seconds
ex: wingate, cunningham, stair climb test
why is it not recommended to use YMCA bench press test with super strong or weak individuals?
AMRAP
weak = not measure of true muscle endurance (becomes max strength)
strong = max out test, not accurate measure
similarities and differences b/n muscular power and anaerobic power:
anaerobic power: anaerobic glycolysis, 30-40 seconds - max rate of ATP utilization using glycolysis
muscular power: PCr, 1-10seconds - peak capability of muscle to generate force
cunningham
