Final Exam Review Flashcards
What are the stages of socialization?
Childhood (0-12) Adolescence (13-18) Early Adulthood (20s-30s) Middle Adulthood (40s-50s) Late Adulthood (60+)
What are the social institutions?
Family Education Economy Government Religion
Social Institutions: Family
The family is generally regarded as a primary social institution.
Social Institutions: Education
Education is a social institution through which a society’s children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms.
Social Institutions: Economy
Economic institutions work in modern society to ensure the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Government/state institutions also influence economic systems.
Social Institutions: Religion
Their function is to bring stability and function through their rituals and system of beliefs, norms, and symbols.
Social Institutions: Government
They are responsible for setting rules and enforcing them to define how individuals integrate into society. Legal institutions help us by regulating society and preventing crime as they enforce law and policy.
Perspectives: Interactionist
Creator
Socialization, roles, communication, small group interaction. Created by Richard Q. Bell
Perspectives: Conflict
Creator-
Inequality and problems resulting from competition over scarce resources. Created by Karl Marx
Independent variable
the characteristic you predict is causing change or differences
Dependent variable
the characteristic you predict is affected by differences
Status
socially defined position in a group or in a society
Roles
behavior expected of someone occupying a status
Groups
2 or more people
Class Systems
A class system is based on both social factors and individual achievement.
Caste System
A stratified system based on a status conferred at birth (ascribed status) due to an individual’s descent in which individuals do not have mobility due to custom or law.
Cyclical Theory
Society changes through natural stages
Evolutionary Theory
_______
Society changes over time in one direction
Equilibrium Theory
Society seeks order and balance
Conflict Theory
Society changes through disputes between groups
Social Movements Stages
Agitation (Small group brings public awareness), Legitimation(Gains respect and support), Bureaucratization(develops structure), Institutionalization(becomes established)
Collective Behavior: Collectivity
Limited interaction
No clearly defined norms
No sense of group unity
Correlation vs. Causation
A correlation between variables, however, does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of the other variable. Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other even.
Role Taking “I” and “Me”
This distinction was originally based on the idea that the former (“Me”) corresponds to the self as an object of experience (self as object), while the latter (“I”) reflects the self as a subject of experience (self as subject).
Types of Deviance
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion
Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of knowledge.
Social Imagination
To have a sociological imagination, a person must be able to pull away from the situation and think from an alternative point of view.
Founding Fathers
The three founding fathers of sociology are Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx.
Culture (Sub/counter)
a sub/counter culture is a group of people with a culture that differentiates themselves from the larger culture to which they belong.
Change Theory
DER
The Change Theory has three major concepts: driving forces, restraining forces, and equilibrium.
DER
Class Consciousness
is the set of beliefs that a person holds regarding their social class
Dramaturgy
Dramaturgy is a sociological concept developed by Erving Goffman that uses the metaphor of theater to explain human behavior.
Ethnocentrism
described the term, involves a belief or attitude that one’s own culture is better than all others
Cultural Relativism
the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture.
