Final Exam Questions

Question 1

Identification

Answer 1

Psychological process in which children try to look, act, feel, and be like significant people in their social environment

Includes acquisition of sex-role and ethnic identities

Question 2

Social Learning View

Answer 2

Parents are not the only ones responsible for the child’s gender-role and identity development

Question 3

Conceptual development

Answer 3

Children develop sex-role constancy (an understanding that their sex remains the same no matter what), and sex-role identity then begins to guide their thoughts and actions.

Question 4

Differential reinforcement

Answer 4

girls and boys are rewarded for engaging in ways that are considered gender appropriate in their culture.

Question 5

I-self

Answer 5

Person’s subjective sense of being a particular individual who exists over time and who acts and experiences the world in a particular way

Question 6

Me-self

Answer 6

Person’s sense of his or her objective characteristics such as appearance and abilities that can be objectively known

Question 7

Concrete Operations (Piaget)

Answer 7

Coordinated mental actions that allow children to mentally combine, separate, order, and transform concrete objects and events experienced directly

Question 8

Concrete-Operational Thinking changes abilities in

Answer 8

Conservation

Classification

Planning

Metacognition

Question 9

Conservation of number

Answer 9

Recognition of the one-to-one correspondence between sets of objects of equal number.

Question 10

Conservation of volume

Answer 10

The understanding that the amount of a liquid remains unchanged when poured from one container into another that has different
dimensions.

Question 11

Metacognition

Answer 11

The ability to think about one’s own thought processes.

Question 12

Initiative versus guilt

Answer 12

According to Erikson’s theory, the stage in early childhood during which children face the challenge of continuing to declare their autonomy
and existence as individuals but in ways that begin to conform to the social roles and moral standards of society.

Question 13

Phallic stage

Answer 13

In Freudian theory, the period beginning around the age of 3 or 4 years when children start to regard their own genitals as a major source of
pleasure.

Question 14

Oedipus complex

Answer 14

In Freudian theory, the desire young boys have to get rid of their father and take his place in their mother’s affections.

Question 15

Electra complex

Answer 15

In Freudian theory, the process by which young girls blame their mother for their “castrated” condition, transfer their love to their father,
and compete with their mother for their father’s affection.

Question 16

Id

Answer 16

In Freudian theory, the mental structure present at birth that is the main source of psychological energy. It is unconscious and pleasure-seeking and demands that bodily drives be satisfied.

Question 17

Ego

Answer 17

In Freudian theory, the mental structure that develops out of the id as the infant is forced by reality to cope with the social world. The ego
mediates between the id and the social world, allowing children to control and regulate behavior.

Question 18

Superego

Answer 18

In Freudian terms, the conscience. It represents the authority of the child’s parents and sits in stern judgment of the ego’s efforts to hold the
id in check. It becomes a major force in the personality in middle childhood.

Question 19

Heteronomous morality

Answer 19

Piaget’s term for young children’s tendency to define morality in terms of objective consequences and externally imposed controls.

Question 20

Social domain theory

Answer 20

The theory that the moral domain, the social conventional domain, and the personal domain have distinct rules that vary in how broadly the
rules apply and in what happens when they are broken