Exam 2 Questions

Question 1

Freud’s Explanation of Attachment

Answer 1

Biological drives; satisfaction of physiological needs

Question 2

Bowlby’s Explanation of Attachment (Ethological)

Answer 2

Warm Intimate relationship with attached figure (parent, etc)

lack thereof could lead to issues in social-emotional development

Expanded upon by Hrlows wire VS cloth mother Experiment

Question 3

What is attachment?

Answer 3

Emotional bonds that children form with their caregiver at about 7 - 9 months

Question 4

Bowlby Phases of Attachment

Answer 4

1. Pre attachment

Crying or smiling to yield psychological needs from caretaker

2. Attachment-in-the-making

Preference for familiar people

3. Clear-cut attachment

Secure base
Separation anxiety

4. Reciprocal relationship phase

interaction and communication
Interconnectivity

Question 5

Intersubjectivity

Answer 5

Intersubjectivity is the shared, reciprocal, experience between the parent and child whereby the experience of each is having an impact on the experience of the other.

Question 6

Mirror Neurons

Answer 6

Specialized brain cells that fire when an individual sees or hears another perform an action, just as they would fire if the observing individual
were performing the same action.

Question 7

Emotion

Answer 7

A feeling state that involves distinctive physiological reactions and cognitive evaluations and that motivates action.

Question 8

Examples of Emotional Regulation

Answer 8

Pouting

Effects of maternal depression

Individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures

Question 9

Maternal depression: Obstacle to intersubjectivity

Answer 9

Infant-caregiver interactions routinely disorganized and unresponsive to emotional interactions

Infants learn over time to disengage

Infant reaction less strong in still-face reaction

Question 10

Bowlby Separation from Attachment

Answer 10

Children first become frantic with fear  then experience despair and depression  then become indifferent to other people (detachment)

Question 11

Ainsworth Strange Situation

Answer 11

Strange Situation:

a laboratory procedure designed to assess children’s attachment

Rated :

the child’s use of their mother as a secure base for exploration,

the child’s reactions to being left alone with a stranger and then completely alone

the child’s response when they are reunited with their mother.

Question 12

Secure attachment

Answer 12

Children play comfortably and react positively to stranger as long as mother is present.

become upset when mother leaves and are unlikely to be consoled by a stranger

calm down as soon as their mother reappears.

Question 13

Avoidant attachment:

Answer 13

Children are indifferent to where mother is sitting

may or may not cry when mother leaves

as likely to be comforted by strangers as by mother,

indifferent when mother returns to the room.

Question 14

Resistant attachment

Answer 14

children stay close to mother

appear anxious even when mother is near

become very upset when their mother leaves but are not comforted by her return

simultaneously seek renewed contact with their mother and resist their mother’s efforts to comfort them.

Question 15

Disorganized attachment

Answer 15

lack a coherent method for dealing with stress.

may behave in seemingly contradictory ways (screaming for their mother but moving away when she approaches)

Question 16

Primary intersubjectivity

Answer 16

Organized, reciprocal interaction between an infant and a caregiver, with the interaction itself as the focus.

Question 17

Secondary Intersubjectivity

Answer 17

Form of interaction between infant and caregiver with communication and emotional sharing focused not just on the interaction but on the world beyond

Question 18

Kiley and colleagues Morality Theory

Answer 18

Babies only gradually learn about right and wrong

Emotions such as empathy, shame, and guilt are gradually developed

Question 19

Scola and colleagues Morality Theory

Answer 19

Humans have rudimentary moral sense from the start of life

Capacity for moral sense is deeply rooted in human species

Question 20

Sense of Self

Answer 20

Developed around 6 months as baby becomes more capable and therefore more self reliant.

Question 21

Development of self consciousness

Answer 21

Embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt, and envy emerge after 8 months with infants’ growing consciousness of self

Question 22

Erikson Trust and Autonomy Stages

Answer 22

Basic trust versus mistrust

Warm and responsive parenting fosters development of trust

Unresponsive, insensitive, or disorganized parenting fosters mistrust of people and wariness of world

Autonomy versus shame

Parent-structured child environment that fosters success in early, self-initiated efforts at mastery and control builds child autonomy

Overly controlling parents that fail to create contexts in which child competence can be demonstrated foster sense of doubt and shame in a child

Question 23

Cross-cultural research on attachment

Answer 23

Position 1: Attachment is universal (similar across cultures)
Position 2: attachment theory (epistemologically) is biased
Position 3: intersection. There are universal and culturally specific characteristics

Question 24

Detachment

Answer 24

For Bowlby, the state of indifference toward others experienced by children who have been separated from their caregivers for an extended
time and have not formed new stable relationships

Question 25

basic trust versus mistrust

Answer 25

For Erikson, the first stage of infancy, during which children either come to trust others as reliable and kind and to regard the world as safe
or come to mistrust others as insensitive and hurtful and to regard the world as unpredictable and threatening.

Question 26

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer 26

For Erikson, the second stage of infancy, during which children develop a sense of themselves as competent to accomplish tasks or as not
competent.

Question 27

Beginnings of a self-system

Answer 27

children’s increasing self-awareness;

growing sensitivity to adults’ standards of what is good;

new awareness of their own ability to live up to those standards;

ability to create plans of their own and judge them against adult standards;

strong desire to see that their plans are not thwarted by adults

Question 28

Preoperational stage (Erikson)

Answer 28

Young children can represent reality to themselves through the use of symbols, including mental images, words, and gestures. Objects and events no longer have to be present to be thought about, but children often fail to distinguish their point of view from that of others; become easily captured by surface appearances; and are often confused about causal relations.

Question 29

Piagetian Preoperational Stage

Answer 29

Transition stage between infant sensorimotor intelligence and fully operational intelligence in middle childhood

Characterized by inability to decenter thinking or think through consequences of actions

Question 30

Centration

Answer 30

Young children’s tendency to focus on only one feature of an object to the exclusion of all other features

Greatest limitation to young children’s cognition (Piaget)

Question 31

Decentration

Answer 31

Cognitive ability to pull away from focusing on just one feature of an object to consider multiple features

Question 32

Egocentrism

Answer 32

Tendency to consider the world entirely in terms of one’s own point of view

Question 33

Precausal reasoning

Answer 33

Young children’s reasoning does not follow the procedures of either deductive or inductive reasoning

Difficulty understanding cause and effect

Question 34

Deductive reasoning

Answer 34

from general premises to particular cases

Question 35

Inductive reasoning

Answer 35

from particular cases to general principles

Question 36

Transductive reasoning

Answer 36

from one particular to another.

Question 37

Elaborative style

Answer 37

A form of talking with children about new events or experiences that enhances children’s memories for those events and experiences.

Question 38

The Domain of Psychology

Answer 38

Naïve psychology

Theory of mind

False-belief task

Question 39

Naïve biology

Answer 39

Animate and inanimate objects

Important differences between living things often overlooked

EG: The cup and tube task where children expect the ball to fall from cup A to cup A

Question 40

Theory of mind

Answer 40

A child’s coherent theory about how people’s beliefs, desires, and mental states combine to shape their actions.

Crayon Box Test: Assume crayons, actually candles

Question 41

False-belief task

Answer 41

A research technique used in theory of mind studies in which children must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that they possess

Question 42

Modularity theory

Answer 42

Explained in terms of distinct and separate mental modules

Question 43

Theory theory

Answer 43

Young children have primitive theories about how the world works, which influence how children think about, and act within, specific domains