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Psychology 101 > Final Exam Psych > Flashcards

Final Exam Psych Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What are the indirect and direct effect models of stress and illness

A

Indirect: stress leads to unhealthy behavior which causes illness
Direct: stress leads to physiological reactions that lead to disease

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2
Q

Cannons fight or flight

A

Animals with stressful situations respond with physiological reaction to prepare for fighting or running away

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3
Q

Stelye’s general adaptaion syndrome

A

Body responds to threatening stimuli

  1. Alarm- fight or flight
  2. Resistance- extended fight of flight
  3. Exhaustion- depleted physical resources that lead to illness
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4
Q

Cohen study on stress

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine= impaired immune function

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5
Q

Type A and Type B behavior patterns

A 
A= competitive, hostile, tense
TOXIC= hostility (heart problems)
B= relaxed, less competative
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6
Q

Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping

A

Problem: actions taken to change a stressful situation
Emotion: attempts to reduce distress emotions

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7
Q

Rodin and Langer plant study

A

Greater control= lower stress response (rats developed less ulcers) and (1.5 year lower mortality rate for elderly)

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8
Q

Optimism

A

tendency to believe that one will generally experience good vs bad outcomes. POSITIVE HEALTH EFFECTS, but defensive pessimism is also good

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9
Q

Social support with stress

A

help and companionship from others supports better health. encourged with healthy behaviors, lower levels of epinephrine

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10
Q

List of things to reduce stress

A

expressive writing, exercise, meditation (lowers HR and BP), Religious, and acts of kindness

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11
Q

Internal (dispositional) vs external(situational) attributions

A 
Internal= persons behavior is caused by the person
External= behavior is caused by the situation
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12
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to explain others actions as stemming from dispositions
Jones and Harris= Students had no choice in pro or anti castro and all writings were believable

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13
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

tendency to attribute own mistakes on situational causes, but others to dis positional causes

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14
Q

Social roles affect attitudes and behavior

A

social role- pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in that social position
Zimbardo- prison experiment, they turned into their roles of prisoner or guard

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15
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

unpleasant internal state that results when individuals notice inconsistency between attitude and behavior

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16
Q

Counter attitudinal behavior

A

behavior that is inconsistent with person’s attitudes

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17
Q

Insufficent justification

A

inadequate reason for counter attitudinal behavior, they develop more positive attitudes towards behavior

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18
Q

Festinger and Carlsmite study

A

People who got paid $1 rated the experience more enjoyable because them lying could not be justified with $1

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19
Q

Normative vs Informational social influence

A

Normative- social influence based on desire to be liked or accepted
Informational- social influence based on the desire to be correct

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20
Q

Conformity study

A

Obvious standard line was incorrect because participants copied the majority of people

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21
Q

Milgrams study

A

obedience to authority, people kept shocking

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22
Q

social facilitation

A

effects upon performance resulting from presence of others
highly skilled= improved
low skill= interfered

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23
Q

social loafing

A

reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group on simple tasks

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24
Q

Deindividualism

A

psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness

Feeling anonymity following norms

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25
Prejudice In-group bias
Positive feelings and behavior toward people in our in-group. Non-positive to out group
26
Minimal groups
Strangers formed groups in trivia and they gave more money to people in in group
27
Categorization and sterotyping
Our brains automatically classify information into categories
28
Confirmation bias
tendency to notice and remember events that are consistent with our existing beliefs
29
Cooperative interdependence
relationship in which the outcomes of two people or groups depend on each others' actions
30
Jigsaw classroom
forced students to work together where each student had a specific important role
31
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
suggests that frustration increases probability of aggressive response
32
Attraction via similarity familiarity and proximity
Similarity Familiarity- liking those we see often Proximity- liking those nearby
33
Mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to a person increases our liking of the person
34
Symmetry predict attraction
women prefer scent of men with symmetrical faces
35
Kitty Genovese
38 neighbors noticed her murder but no one called police because of the bystander effect (less likely to help when presence of other people)
36
Why does the bystander effect happen
Diffusion of responsibilty- presence of others makes people less personally responsible
37
Seizure study
the smaller grouped individuals more often to help actor experiencing seizure
38
Pluralistic ignorance
tendency of bystanders to assume nothing is wrong because no one else looks concerned (smoke filled room) smaller group reports smoke
39
Evaluation apprehension
concern of social approval or disapproval
40
Psychoanalytic perspective of personalitiy
behavior and personality explained by unconscious
41
unconsious
store hold of impulses, wishes, and inaccessible memories that affect our thoughts and behavior
42
Id vs ego vs superego
Id- most primitive part of personality (basic biological impulses) Superego- internalized morals and values of society (conscience morals) ego- gratification of impulses must be delayed until the situation is appropriate
43
Regression
reverts to a previous phase of development
44
Projection
attribution of own feelings and impulses or others
45
Repression
thoughts are kept in unconsiousness
46
Rationialization
explaining away actions in a logical way to avoid feelings
47
Displacement
directing emotions towards others that are not source of stress
48
Denial
person refuses to acknowledge external realities
49
Frauds 3 psycho sexual stages
Oral- develops trust Anal- develops messiness or cleanliness, and compliance Phallic- Identification with parents
50
oral and anal fixations
oral fixation- breast fed too early or late | Anal- potty train control
51
Oedipus complex
boy desires relationship with mother and wants to kill them but cant so they try and become like them
52
Psychological determinims
all thoughts, emotions and behaviors have an unconscious explanation
53
Freudian slips
slip of the tongue are meaningful, we meant to unconsciously say it
54
Projective tests
try to get into peoples unconscious mind inkblot- participants view pictures in inkblots TAT- make up a story about drawings
55
Humanistic perspective
we need unconditional positive regard to reach self-actualization
56
Eysnck personality factors
introversion-extroversion | Emotional stability vs neuroticism
57
Big five traits
``` OCEAN openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism ```
58
DSM
Book for mental disorders
59
labeling theory
psychiatric diagnosis in a way of labeling individuals are bad
60
Rosenhan
Faked symptoms of schizophrenia and got admitted to hospital
61
Anxiety disorders
characterized by intense, frequent, or continuous anxiety
62
generalized anxiety disorder
global, persistent, chronic, excessive anxiety. No real root
63
panic disorder
attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror
64
OCD
recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause distress to an individual
65
Obsession vs Compulsions
Obsession- THOUGHTS | compulsions- BEHAVIORS
66
Major depressive disorder
Depressed mood, sleep disturbance, appetite, energy
67
Bipolar disease
extreme mood swings | mania- abnormally euphoric mood
68
Schizophernia
severe disorder of thought, emotion and perception
69
Psychotic
out of touch with reality
70
Delusions vs Hallucinations
Delusions- strong fixed beliefs | Hallucinations- sensory perceptions w/o external stimulus
71
Disorganzied speech (word salad)
skips from topic to topic
72
catatonic symptons
motor problems
73
positives vs negative symptoms
Positive- presence of something not there | Negative- absence of something (expressionless)
74
Antisocial personality disorder
little sense of responsibility, morality, or concern for others (LACKS CONSCIENCE)
75
Psychoanalytic therapy
make unconscious consious
76
Free association
patient is asked to remove all filters and say anything that comes to mind
77
Humanistic therapy
Emphasizes realization of human potential Non directive Empathy Reflection
78
Behavioral therapy
Uses conditioning and learning
79
Exposure therapy
confronts clients with what they fear Flooding- fast Systematic desensitization- slow
80
Token economy
desirable behaviors are rewarded with rewards
81
Cognitive therapy
focuses on thought processes (therapist points our irrational thought)
82
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
combination of cognative and behavior therapies | identifies irrational thought and changes behavior
83
Effectiveness psychotherapy vs cognitive-behavioral
Cognitive-behavioral is better
84
Drugs for schizo, anxiety, depression, and bipolar
schizo- anti-pychotic Anxiety- GABA agonist (relax muscles) Depression- anti-depressant (serotonin re uptake) Bipolar- mood stabilizer (lithium)
85
Electroconvulsive therapy
brief burst of electric current to induce seizure in brain (effective but causes memory loss)

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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