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Psychology 101 > Final Exam Psych > Flashcards

Final Exam Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the indirect and direct effect models of stress and illness

A

Indirect: stress leads to unhealthy behavior which causes illness
Direct: stress leads to physiological reactions that lead to disease

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2
Q

Cannons fight or flight

A

Animals with stressful situations respond with physiological reaction to prepare for fighting or running away

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3
Q

Stelye’s general adaptaion syndrome

A

Body responds to threatening stimuli

  1. Alarm- fight or flight
  2. Resistance- extended fight of flight
  3. Exhaustion- depleted physical resources that lead to illness
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4
Q

Cohen study on stress

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine= impaired immune function

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5
Q

Type A and Type B behavior patterns

A 
A= competitive, hostile, tense
TOXIC= hostility (heart problems)
B= relaxed, less competative
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6
Q

Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping

A

Problem: actions taken to change a stressful situation
Emotion: attempts to reduce distress emotions

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7
Q

Rodin and Langer plant study

A

Greater control= lower stress response (rats developed less ulcers) and (1.5 year lower mortality rate for elderly)

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8
Q

Optimism

A

tendency to believe that one will generally experience good vs bad outcomes. POSITIVE HEALTH EFFECTS, but defensive pessimism is also good

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9
Q

Social support with stress

A

help and companionship from others supports better health. encourged with healthy behaviors, lower levels of epinephrine

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10
Q

List of things to reduce stress

A

expressive writing, exercise, meditation (lowers HR and BP), Religious, and acts of kindness

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11
Q

Internal (dispositional) vs external(situational) attributions

A 
Internal= persons behavior is caused by the person
External= behavior is caused by the situation
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12
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to explain others actions as stemming from dispositions
Jones and Harris= Students had no choice in pro or anti castro and all writings were believable

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13
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

tendency to attribute own mistakes on situational causes, but others to dis positional causes

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14
Q

Social roles affect attitudes and behavior

A

social role- pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in that social position
Zimbardo- prison experiment, they turned into their roles of prisoner or guard

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15
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

unpleasant internal state that results when individuals notice inconsistency between attitude and behavior

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16
Q

Counter attitudinal behavior

A

behavior that is inconsistent with person’s attitudes

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17
Q

Insufficent justification

A

inadequate reason for counter attitudinal behavior, they develop more positive attitudes towards behavior

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18
Q

Festinger and Carlsmite study

A

People who got paid $1 rated the experience more enjoyable because them lying could not be justified with $1

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19
Q

Normative vs Informational social influence

A

Normative- social influence based on desire to be liked or accepted
Informational- social influence based on the desire to be correct

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20
Q

Conformity study

A

Obvious standard line was incorrect because participants copied the majority of people

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21
Q

Milgrams study

A

obedience to authority, people kept shocking

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22
Q

social facilitation

A

effects upon performance resulting from presence of others
highly skilled= improved
low skill= interfered

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23
Q

social loafing

A

reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group on simple tasks

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24
Q

Deindividualism

A

psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness

Feeling anonymity following norms

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25
Q

Prejudice In-group bias

A

Positive feelings and behavior toward people in our in-group. Non-positive to out group

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26
Q

Minimal groups

A

Strangers formed groups in trivia and they gave more money to people in in group

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27
Q

Categorization and sterotyping

A

Our brains automatically classify information into categories

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28
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to notice and remember events that are consistent with our existing beliefs

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29
Q

Cooperative interdependence

A

relationship in which the outcomes of two people or groups depend on each others’ actions

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30
Q

Jigsaw classroom

A

forced students to work together where each student had a specific important role

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31
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

suggests that frustration increases probability of aggressive response

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32
Q

Attraction via similarity familiarity and proximity

A

Similarity
Familiarity- liking those we see often
Proximity- liking those nearby

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33
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to a person increases our liking of the person

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34
Q

Symmetry predict attraction

A

women prefer scent of men with symmetrical faces

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35
Q

Kitty Genovese

A

38 neighbors noticed her murder but no one called police because of the bystander effect (less likely to help when presence of other people)

36
Q

Why does the bystander effect happen

A

Diffusion of responsibilty- presence of others makes people less personally responsible

37
Q

Seizure study

A

the smaller grouped individuals more often to help actor experiencing seizure

38
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

tendency of bystanders to assume nothing is wrong because no one else looks concerned (smoke filled room) smaller group reports smoke

39
Q

Evaluation apprehension

A

concern of social approval or disapproval

40
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective of personalitiy

A

behavior and personality explained by unconscious

41
Q

unconsious

A

store hold of impulses, wishes, and inaccessible memories that affect our thoughts and behavior

42
Q

Id vs ego vs superego

A

Id- most primitive part of personality (basic biological impulses)
Superego- internalized morals and values of society (conscience morals)
ego- gratification of impulses must be delayed until the situation is appropriate

43
Q

Regression

A

reverts to a previous phase of development

44
Q

Projection

A

attribution of own feelings and impulses or others

45
Q

Repression

A

thoughts are kept in unconsiousness

46
Q

Rationialization

A

explaining away actions in a logical way to avoid feelings

47
Q

Displacement

A

directing emotions towards others that are not source of stress

48
Q

Denial

A

person refuses to acknowledge external realities

49
Q

Frauds 3 psycho sexual stages

A

Oral- develops trust
Anal- develops messiness or cleanliness, and compliance
Phallic- Identification with parents

50
Q

oral and anal fixations

A

oral fixation- breast fed too early or late

Anal- potty train control

51
Q

Oedipus complex

A

boy desires relationship with mother and wants to kill them but cant so they try and become like them

52
Q

Psychological determinims

A

all thoughts, emotions and behaviors have an unconscious explanation

53
Q

Freudian slips

A

slip of the tongue are meaningful, we meant to unconsciously say it

54
Q

Projective tests

A

try to get into peoples unconscious mind
inkblot- participants view pictures in inkblots
TAT- make up a story about drawings

55
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

we need unconditional positive regard to reach self-actualization

56
Q

Eysnck personality factors

A

introversion-extroversion

Emotional stability vs neuroticism

57
Q

Big five traits

A 
OCEAN
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
58
Q

DSM

A

Book for mental disorders

59
Q

labeling theory

A

psychiatric diagnosis in a way of labeling individuals are bad

60
Q

Rosenhan

A

Faked symptoms of schizophrenia and got admitted to hospital

61
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

characterized by intense, frequent, or continuous anxiety

62
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

global, persistent, chronic, excessive anxiety. No real root

63
Q

panic disorder

A

attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror

64
Q

OCD

A

recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause distress to an individual

65
Q

Obsession vs Compulsions

A

Obsession- THOUGHTS

compulsions- BEHAVIORS

66
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Depressed mood, sleep disturbance, appetite, energy

67
Q

Bipolar disease

A

extreme mood swings

mania- abnormally euphoric mood

68
Q

Schizophernia

A

severe disorder of thought, emotion and perception

69
Q

Psychotic

A

out of touch with reality

70
Q

Delusions vs Hallucinations

A

Delusions- strong fixed beliefs

Hallucinations- sensory perceptions w/o external stimulus

71
Q

Disorganzied speech (word salad)

A

skips from topic to topic

72
Q

catatonic symptons

A

motor problems

73
Q

positives vs negative symptoms

A

Positive- presence of something not there

Negative- absence of something (expressionless)

74
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

little sense of responsibility, morality, or concern for others (LACKS CONSCIENCE)

75
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy

A

make unconscious consious

76
Q

Free association

A

patient is asked to remove all filters and say anything that comes to mind

77
Q

Humanistic therapy

A

Emphasizes realization of human potential
Non directive
Empathy
Reflection

78
Q

Behavioral therapy

A

Uses conditioning and learning

79
Q

Exposure therapy

A

confronts clients with what they fear
Flooding- fast
Systematic desensitization- slow

80
Q

Token economy

A

desirable behaviors are rewarded with rewards

81
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

focuses on thought processes (therapist points our irrational thought)

82
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

combination of cognative and behavior therapies

identifies irrational thought and changes behavior

83
Q

Effectiveness psychotherapy vs cognitive-behavioral

A

Cognitive-behavioral is better

84
Q

Drugs for schizo, anxiety, depression, and bipolar

A

schizo- anti-pychotic
Anxiety- GABA agonist (relax muscles)
Depression- anti-depressant (serotonin re uptake)
Bipolar- mood stabilizer (lithium)

85
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

brief burst of electric current to induce seizure in brain (effective but causes memory loss)

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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