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Psychology 101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavioral, psychoanalytic, evolutionary, and biological perspectives

A

Biological- Physical systems affect behavior
Evolutionary- Natural selection of traits
Behavior genetics- contribution of genes and environment to behavior
Psychoanalytic- Unconscious dynamics within the individual
Behavioral- Learning via reinforcements and punishments
Cognitive- How people reason, remember, interpret
Sociocultural- How social and cultural forces shape individuals’ behavior

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2
Q

Operational Definition

A

Statement about the procedures the researcher used to measure a variable

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3
Q

Positive vs Negative correlation

A

(-)Variables change in opposite directions

(+)variables change in same direction

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4
Q

Does correlation indicate causation

A

NO

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5
Q

Random assignment

A

Participants have an equal chance of being in every experimental group

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6
Q

IV vs DV

A

IV- manipulated by experimenter

DV- Outcome

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7
Q

Statistical significance

A

probability that results are due to chance (p-value)

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8
Q

What is myelin sheath

A

Wrapped around axon for faster transmission

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9
Q

What is action potential

A

electro-chemical impulse that travels from the cell body down to the end of the axon

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that travel across synapse from one neuron to receptors on the next cell

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11
Q

Endorphins, Dopamine, Serotonin, Epinephrine

A

Endorphins- reduce pain and promote pleasure
Dopamine- Voluntary movement, reward, learning, memory Serotonin- affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, mood
Epinephrine- involved in stress response

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12
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

A

Sym- increases physiological arousal

Para- decreases arousal

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13
Q

Brainstem

A

Primitive behaviors under voluntary control

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14
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotions- aggression and fear

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15
Q

Hypothalamus

A

maintains internal balance

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16
Q

Hippocampus

A

Form new memories and facts

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17
Q

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

A

Frontal- (front) planning, creative thinking, personality
Parietal- (top) sensor cortex
Temporal- (sides) auditory cortex
Occipital- (back) visual cortex

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18
Q

Range of reaction

A

genetic makeup establishes range of possible developmental outcomes

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19
Q

Twin studies

A

compare pairs of monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins

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20
Q

How heritable is intelligence

A

Its half heritable and half environmental

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21
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

apporximate schedule for physical processes

Has SCN- sensitve to changes in light

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22
Q

SCN reaction to light

A

Dark- SCN tells pineal gland to secrete melatonin

Light- SCN tells pineal gland to stop secreting melatonin

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23
Q

REM sleep

A

brain waves resemble wakefulness

HR,BP,BR rapid or irregular

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24
Q

3 STAGES OF N-REM

A

1- similar to drowsiness (hypnic jerk)
2- True sleep, reductions in heart rate and muscle tension
3/4- Deep sleep, hard to awaken, growth hormones released from pituitary

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25
Q

Rooting and Moro reflexes

A

Rooting- Sucking motion when lips touch something

Moro- infant feels as if its falling

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26
Q

Piagets approach to cognitive development

A

Children understand the world with schemes

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27
Q

Piagets 4 stages of cognitive development

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)- develop object permanence- something continues to exist even when it cannot be seen
    2.Preoperational (2-7)- Egocentric, animistic thinking
    cannot grasp conservation- (physical properties do not change when appearance changes)
  2. Concrete (7-11)
    Understand conservation and transivity
  3. Formal operations (11-100) abstract reasoning, thinking about future
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28
Q

Vygotsky’s theory

A

Cognitive development results from guidance

Scaffolding- teacher adjusts amount of support to child’s level of development

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29
Q

Harlow study

A

soft contact (monkey preferred soft no food mom to wired food mom)

30
Q

Ainsworth attachment

A

Adults act as a secure base from which to explore

31
Q

Types of attacment styles: Secure, Insecure- anxious/ambivalent, Insecure-aviodant

A

Secure- Upset when parents leave, Happy when parents come back
Ambivalent- Upset when parents leave, upset when parents come Avoidant- little reaction to coming and leaving

32
Q

Baumrind parenting styles

A

Authoritarian- Low, warmth, high control
Permissive- High Warmth, low control
Uninvolved- Low warmth, low control
Authoritative (BEST)- High warmth, high control

33
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

Preconventional(4-10)- Avoid punishment or gain reward
Conventional (after age 10)- “Good Boy” “Law and Order”
Postconventional- Individual principles and conscience

34
Q

Sex vs Gender

A

Sex- physical, anatomical

Gender- meaning society and individuals give to female and male categories

35
Q

Similarities vs Differences

A

Similarities- men and women same

Differences- men and women and different

36
Q

Social learning theory

A

Emphasis on learning behaviors via reinforcement/punishment and modeling
(gender-roles)

37
Q

Bottom-up vs Top-down processing

A

Bottom-up- Starts with raw data toward brain

Top-down- starts with observer’s expectations and knowledge

38
Q

Absolute thershold

A

minimal amount of stimulation that can be detected

39
Q

Difference threshold

A

Lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occured

40
Q

Sensor Adaptation

A

tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change

41
Q

Gestalt apporach

A

the whole is greater than the sum of its sensory parts

42
Q

Retinal disparity and convergenec

A

disparity- images produce different image on each retina

Convergence- turning inwards for near target

43
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus

44
Q

Pavlov

A

Rang bell with food and made dog salivate

45
Q

UR, US, CR, CS

A

UR- innate response to US
US- stimulus that automatically elicits response
CR- learned response to stimulus that did not originally evoke the response
CS- previously US that elicits the CR

46
Q

Conditioned aversion

A

learning to fear

47
Q

Watson and Raynor

A

Paired loud noise with rat, Albert generalized fear to other fuzzy objects

48
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

certain responses are learned because they operate on, or affect, the environment

49
Q

Skinner box

A

hungry animal placed in box and presses bar when receives food pellet

50
Q

shaping

A

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response

51
Q

PR
NR
PP
NP

A

PR- positive stimulus, more behavior
NR- Removal of negative stimulus, more behavior
PP- Negative stimulus, Less behavior
NP- Removal of positive stimulus, Less behavior

52
Q

Continuous and intermittent reinforcement

A

Continuous- consequences every time

Intermittent- consequences some times

53
Q

FR
VR
FI
VI

A

FR- reinforcement for fixed proportion
VR- Reinforcement for unpredictable proportion
FI- Reinforcement for fixed amount of time
VI- Reinforcement for inconsistent amount of time

54
Q

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic motivation

A

Extrinsic- pursuit for external rewards

Intrinsic- Pursuit of activity for its own sake

55
Q

Over justification effect

A

Too much reward= undermines intrinsic motivation

56
Q

Observational learning

A

learning by observing the behavior of others

57
Q

Bandura dolls

A

Adult actor showed agressive acts toward dolls and children copied

58
Q

Sensory, Short-term and long term

A

Sensory- system that holds information for a fraction of a second
Short-term memory- for information that is available to consciousness for about 20-30 seconds
Long-term memory- unlimited capacity

59
Q

Explicit vs Implicit memory

A

Explicit- conscious recollection of material

Implicit- not in mind but expressed in behavior

60
Q

Craik and Tulving level of processing

A

information can be processed at different depths
Shallow- superficial
Deep- meaning

61
Q

Context-dependent vs State-dependent

A

Context- Environment

State- Physical or mental state

62
Q

Anterograde vs Retrograde

A

anterograde- new information not maintained

Retrograde- can’t remember information from before head injury

63
Q

Eyewitness tesitmony

A

Is not reliable because there is a high mistake of mistakes and misremembering

64
Q

Representatives, availability, simulation heuristics

A

Representatives- tendency to see someone belonging to particular group
Availability- Strategy for making judgements based on how easility specific kinds of information can be brought to mind
Simulation- tendency to judge the likelihood of an event by the ease with one can image it

65
Q

Positive outcomes to bilingualism

A

Greater cognitive flexibility, outperform students in upper grades, executive control, different brain activation

66
Q

Fixed and growth mindset

A

Fixed- performance is assumed to reflex ability that is unchangeable
Growth- performance is assumed to reflect effort that is modifiable

67
Q

Maslows hierachy of needs

A

ascends from basic biological needs to more complex psychological motivations

68
Q

self-actualization

A

to find self-fulfillment and realize one’s potential

69
Q

Misattribution of arousal

A

Fear can be confused for arousal can can enhance it

70
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

act of forming a facial expression elicits the corresponding emotion

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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