final exam PROF.

Question 1

Implicit attitude

Answer 1

unconscious beliefs or feeling that influence behavior and judgment.

Question 2

examples of implicit attitude

Answer 2

during the hiring process you tend to hire people with western sounding names than ethnic names  THIS IS IMPLICIT BECAUSE ITS AN UNCONSCIOUS BIAS

Question 3

affrimative action

Answer 3

Steps taken to increase the representation historically marginalized groups

Question 4

examples of affrimative action

Answer 4

university admission policies prioritizing underrepresented minorities

Question 5

religious vs non religious accommodation

Answer 5

comparing accommodations based on religious beliefs (e.g., prayer breaks) versus secular needs (e.g., disabilities).

Question 6

religious vs non religious accomodation

Answer 6

Adjusting work schedules for fasting during Ramadan versus providing ergonomic chairs for medical conditions.

Question 7

garcia definition of racism

Answer 7

–> racism is fundamental attitude or feeling or emotions ( fear)

Question 8

shelby defiition of racism

Answer 8

racism is fundamentally an ideology embedded in society ( wide spread belief that function to create structures of social oppression)

Question 9

formal desegration

Answer 9

The removal of legal or policy barriers that enforce segregation, ensuring equal access to public institutions and spaces. [ removing laws the promote desegreation]

Question 10

examples of formal desegreation

Answer 10

brown vs board of education

Schools across the United States were legally required to desegregate. ALLOWING ALL RACES TO BE GOING TO SCHOOL TOGATHER

Question 11

spatial integration

Answer 11

the physical integration of living spaces, workplaces, and public areas to break down geographic segregation. [ equal acess to public spaces]

Question 12

examples of spatial integration

Answer 12

Mixed-race neighborhoods or desegregated housing policies aimed at reducing residential segregation.

Question 13

formal social integreation

Answer 13

Refers to structured and institutionalized relationships in racially diverse environments, such as in schools, workplaces, or civic organizations.[ preofessional collavortion with all races]

Question 14

examples of formal social integration

Answer 14

A racially integrated school where students of different backgrounds learn and work together through formal programs or activities.

Question 15

informal social integreation

Answer 15

Focuses on fostering voluntary, genuine social interactions and relationships across racial lines.[personal realtionships]

Question 16

example of informal social integreation

Answer 16

Cross-racial friendships, diverse workplaces where collaboration is encouraged.

Question 17

whats does the argument that firms have a moral obligation to increase profits say

Answer 17

Premise: Businesses exist to maximize shareholder value which reflects the economic interests of their owners or investors.

Objection : Profit maximization often neglects broader social responsibilities, leading to harm.

Conclusion: Firms should balance profits with ethical obligations.

Question 18

the justice argument for affrimative action

Answer 18

Premise: Historically marginalized groups deserve opportunities to address past injustices.

Objection: Critics argue it undermines meritocracy.

Conclusion: Affirmative action is justified to promote equity and social justice.

Question 19

the desert argument against affrimative action

Answer 19

Premise: Individuals should be rewarded based on merit alone.

Objection: Critics of this view argue that systemic barriers and implicit biases often prevent marginalized groups from competing on an equal footing. For example, unequal access to quality education or networks can limit opportunities, making a purely merit-based system inherently flawed.

Conclusion: Opposes policies favoring specific groups, emphasizing merit.

Question 20

we have a duty to help those in absolute poverty

Answer 20

It is within our power to prevent this suffering by donating resources, without significant personal sacrifice.

Objections:
Demandingness: Critics argue that this principle is too demanding, as it may require individuals to give up significant portions of their income.
Practicality: Critics also point out structural and systemic issues, arguing that charity alone cannot solve global poverty.

Conclusion: We have a moral duty to donate resources or take action to alleviate global poverty.

Question 21

anderson argument that integreation is an obligation

Answer 21

Anderson asserts that racial integration is a moral and social obligation because it promotes equality, dismantles racial hierarchies, and fosters mutual understanding.

Key Points:
* Moral Obligation: Integration is necessary to achieve justice and equality for historically marginalized groups.
* Social Benefits: Integration reduces prejudice and promotes shared societal values.

Objections:
* Some argue that forced integration infringes on personal freedoms.
* Others claim that it may not address deeper systemic inequalities.

Conclusion: Integration is essential to achieving a fair and equitable society.

Question 22

• Charee Stanley and Kim Davis (Corvino, “Under God’s Authority”):

Answer 22

Summary: Charee Stanley, a Muslim flight attendant, refused to serve alcohol due to her religious beliefs. Kim Davis, a Christian clerk, refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Both faced workplace conflicts over religious accommodation.

Significance: Examines the balance between personal religious beliefs and public duties, raising questions about when accommodations are justified and how to manage conflicts in secular workplaces.

Question 23

tarasoff V. UC regents ( Armstrong , Confidentiality)

Answer 23

Summary: A therapist failed to warn a woman about a patient’s threat, resulting in her murder.

Significance: Highlights the ethical tension between maintaining confidentiality and the duty to warn or protect others. This is crucial in professions like medicine, engineering, and law.

Question 24

the lake pleasant bodies case ( Donagan “ Justifying Legal Practice )

Answer 24

o Summary: A diver discovered bodies in a lake but maintained confidentiality due to attorney-client privilege.
o Significance: Raises questions about the ethical boundaries of confidentiality and whether justice is served by prioritizing client privilege over public safety.

Question 25

Roger Boisjoly (Davis, “Some Paradoxes of Whistleblowing”)

Answer 25

o Summary: Boisjoly raised safety concerns about the Challenger shuttle but was overruled, leading to a disaster.
o Significance: Highlights the ethical dilemmas of whistleblowing, including the conflict between loyalty to an organization and moral duty to prevent harm.