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Mammalogy > Final Exam- Primates > Flashcards

Final Exam- Primates Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary Trends in Primates

A

· Reproduction occurs at a slower rate (sexual maturity is delayed, life spans are longer)

· Progressive shift to great reliance on fruits, seeds and foliage

· Decline in amount of animal material consumed

· Social and mating systems include diverse array of complex sociospatial and breeding patterns

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2
Q

Primate examples

A

Lemurs
Lorises
Galagos
Tarsiers
Owl Monkey
Spiders Monkeys
MArmosets and Tamarians
Gibbons
Old world monkeys

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3
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini Characteristics

A

· Toothcombs

· Wet naked noses

· Nostrils crescentic slits

· Postorbital bar

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4
Q

Suborder Haplorrhini

A

· Spatulate incisors

· Nostrils ringed

· Dry hairy noses

· Postorbital plate

· Hemichorial placenta

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5
Q

Parvorder Platyrrhini Characteristics

A

· Nostrils point to the side

· South American monkeys

· Very diverse

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6
Q

Parvorders Catarrhini Characteristics

A

· Nostrils point down

· Old-world anthropoid primates

· 29 genera and 153 species

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7
Q

Order of Primates

A

· Range in body size

· Most are found from the equator to 30 degrees north and south (Japanese Macaque is an exception)

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8
Q

Origins of order primates

A

· Euarchonta (dermoptera, scandentia, primates)

· Fossils date from early Paleocene of North America

· Euprimates appeared 55 million years ago

Plesiadapiforms (primate-like mammals)

· Appear in late Cretaceous

· Enlarged and procumbent incisors

· Low-crowned molars

· Post-cranial adaptations for arboreal lifestyle

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9
Q

Characteristics of order Primates

A

· Euprimates (primates of modern aspect)

· Digits with nails

· Enlarged orbits and orbital convergence

· Postorbital bar

· Enlarged brain

· Adaptations for arboreal leaping

· Opposable thumb (pollex) and big toe (hallux)

· Plantigrade and usually pentadactyl

· Digits with fleshy pads and friction ridges (fingerprints)

· Reduced rostrum with eyes directed forward for stereoscopic (binocular) vision

· Reduced olfactory acuity

· Brain with calcarine tissue

· Molars = quadrituberculate, bunodont, brachyodont

· Tail on monkeys/ no tails on apes

· At least partly arboreal

· Hands and digits have become refined with increased mobility sensitive pads

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10
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini (lemurs, lorises, pottos, and galagos)

A

· Toothcombs

· Wet naked noses

· Nostrils crescentric slits

· Postorbital plate

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11
Q

Infraorder Lemuriformes (Lemurs

A

· 5 genera and 21 species

· Native to Madagascar

· Nocturnal

· Small (> 500 g)

· Quadrupedal walking and bipedal leaping

· Hibernates (or aestivates) up to 7 months to avoid drought (first tropical mammal and only primate)

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12
Q

Family Cheriogaleidae

A

mouse lemurs, dwarf lemurs, fork-crowned lemurs

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13
Q

Family Lemuridae Characteristics

A

· Tooth comb present

· Pollex and hallux opposable

· Pelage woolly, tail heavily furred

· Herbivorous or frugivorous

· Primarily diurnal

· Cranium elongate and face fox-like

· Show behavior of biting millipedes to induce the millipede toxin which they both rub on themselves for insecticide and to get “high

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14
Q

Family Lemuridae examples

A

bamboo lemurs, ruffed lemurs, ring-tailed lemurs

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15
Q

Family Lemuridae species number

A

Five genera and 19 species

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16
Q

Ring-tail lemur

A

· Highly social

· Groups of 20 or more individuals

· Female dominance hierarchy

· Troops occupy exclusive home ranges

· Use elaborate olfactory signals

· Both sexes mark branches

· Males “stink fight”

· Males rub “perfume” from wrist on tail to attract mates

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17
Q

Family Lepilemuridae Examples

A

sportive lemurs

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18
Q

Family Lepilemuridae Species number

A

1 genus and 8 species (recently – 11 previously unrecognized species)

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19
Q

Family Lepilemuridae characteristics

A

· Nocturnal folivores

· Enlarged cecum for microbial digestion

· Ingest their feces and redirect material to extract the remaining nutrients

· Low metabolic rates

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20
Q

Family Indriidae Examples

A

woolly lemur, sifaka, indr

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21
Q

Family Indriidae Characteristics

A

· Large with shortened rostrum and monkey-like face

· Folivorous

· Travel by bipedal leaping

· Sifakas are diurnal and promiscuous

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22
Q

Indri

A

· Diurnal

· Monogamous

· Vocal

· One of the largest living lemurs (25-28 inches, 13 to 21 lb)

· Critically endangered

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23
Q

Woolly lemur

A

· Nocturnal

· Monogamous

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24
Q

Infraorder Chiromyiformes Example

A

Aye-Aye, Single Species

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25
Q

Family Daubentoniidae

A

· Secretive and nocturnal

· 2 kilograms in weight

· Short skull, large ears and bushy tail

· Greatly enlarged incisors with diastema

· Digits are clawed – 3rd digit on hand very long and slender

· Hallux opposable and bears nails

· Insectivorous

· Percussive hunter

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26
Q

Infraorder Lorisiformes Species

A

Lorises and Bush Babies

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27
Q

Family Lorisidae species

A

Lorises And Pottos

28
Q

Family Lorisidae Location

A

Subsaharan Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, East Indies

29
Q

Family Lorisidae Species number

A

5 genera and 9 specie

30
Q

Family Lorisidae Characteristics

A

Rostrum short, eyes face forward

· Arboreal, slow climbers

· Tails short or absent

· Digits modified for grasping branches

· Circulatory modifications increase blood supply to the digital flexor muscles

· Nocturnal and omnivorous or frugivorous

· Low metabolic rates — perhaps associated with detoxification of plant defensive compounds

· Toxic bight (toxin is obtained by licking a sweat gland on their arm and the secretion is activated by mixing with saliva

· Coloration May mimic cobras (slow loris)

31
Q

Family Galagidae Species

A

Three genera and 19 species

32
Q

Family Galagidae Characteristics

A

· Large eyes and ears

· Arboreal leaders with long hind limbs and tail

· Tooth comb in lower incisors

· Grooming claw on second digit of foot

· Vocalizations serve as warnings, communication between mother/young, appeasement during intraspecific encounters

· Traction patterns on the palm of the hand allow for better gripping

33
Q

Suborder Haplorrhini Examples

A

Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes

34
Q

Suborder Haplorrhini Characteristics

A

· Spatulate incisors

· Nostrils ringed

· Dry hairy noses

· Postorbital plate

· Hemichorial placenta

35
Q

Infraorder Tarsiiformes Example

A

Tarsiers

36
Q

Family Tarsiidae Species Number

A

1 genus and 7 species

37
Q

Family Tarsiidae locations

A

Tropical forests of Borneo, Sumatra, some East Indian and Philippine islands

38
Q

Family Tarsiidae Characteristics

A

· Tropical forests of Borneo, Sumatra, some East Indian and Philippine islands

· Insectivores (only totally carnivorous primate

· Bipedal leaping

· Species solitary or gregarious

· Long gestation (6 months) with single young

· Enormous, forward facing eyes

· Digits with disk-like pads

· Arboreal and nocturnal

· Elongate hind limbs

· Arboreal jumpers – can bound 15 feet

· Tibia and fibula fused

· Calcaneus and navicular greatly elongate

39
Q

Parvorder Platyrrhini

A

New world monkeys

40
Q

Family Cebidae Examples

A

capuchins and squirrel monkeys

41
Q

Family Cebidae Species number

A

3 genera and 21 species

42
Q

Family Cebidae

A

Weights range from 750 grams to 4.5 kilograms

· Lack opposable thumbs and toes

· Fraternal twins share common placenta

· Long limbs and digits (with curved nails)

· Long furred

· High braincase, short rostrum

· Orbits face forward

· Broad internarial pad between nostrils

· Chisel-shaped medial incisors

43
Q

Family Callitricidae Examples

A

Marmosets and Tamarins

44
Q

Family Callitricidae Species Number

A

7 genera, 41-47 species

45
Q

Family Callitricidae Characteristics

A

· Small (100-750 g)

· May have manes on head

· Chisel-shaped medial incisors

· Lack of opposable thumbs and toes

· All digits have claws except hallux

· Fraternal twins share a common placenta

46
Q

Family Aotidae examples

A

Night Monkeys

47
Q

Family Aotidae Species Number

A

1 genus and 8 species

48
Q

Family Aotidae Characteristics

A

· Nocturnal and territorial

· Large eyes, good nocturnal vision

· Small (450 to 950 g)

· Not sexually dimorphism

· Short gestation (133 days)

· Adult males are the primary caregivers for offspring

49
Q

Family Atelidae Examples

A

Howler
Spider
Woolly Monkeys

50
Q

Family Atelidae

A

5 Genera, 12 Species

51
Q

Family Atelidae Characteristics

A

· Prehensile tails longer than the body (5th hand)

· Semi-braciators = swing with arms from branch to branch and use tail

· Frugivores and folivores

· Capable of upright walking on the ground

52
Q

Howler Monkey Species

A

10 Species

53
Q

Howler Monkey Characteristics

A

· Tail long and prehensile

· 4 to 10 kilograms

· Males larger than females

· Long, coarse fur

· Inhabit a wide variety of forest types

· Deep guttural howl

54
Q

Spider monkeys and woolly monkey

A

· Long thin limbs

· Highly prehensile tails

· Long narrow hands with reduced or absent thumbs

· Adults weigh about 6 kg

· Fur coloration varie

55
Q

Southern and Northern Muriqui

A

· Largest species of Neotropical monkeys

· Highly restricted ranges

· Northern muriqui is one of the worlds most endangered monkeys about 1000 individuals

56
Q

Titi monkeys, saki monkeys, and uacaris Species Number

A

4 genera and 40 species

57
Q

Titi monkeys, saki monkeys, and uacaris Characteristics

A

· Pelage color varies with geography

· Diurnal and arboreal

· Forage in canopy for fruit, leaves, flowers, nuts, and occasional vertebrate prey

· Long lived and low reproductive rates

58
Q

Parvorder Catarrhini

A

Old world monkeys and apes

59
Q

Parvorder Catarrhini Species Number

A

29 genera and 153 species

60
Q

Parvorder catarrhini

A

Diverged from platyrrhine primates 38 to 40 million years ago

61
Q

Family Cercopithecidae

A

Old World Monkeys

62
Q

Family Cercopithecidae Species Number

A

132 species

63
Q

Family Cercopithecidae Characteristics

A

· Sexual dimorphism common

· 1.5 to over 50 kg

· Skull robust, braincase large

· Opposable pollex and hallux (except colobus)

· All digits bear nails

64
Q

Family Cercopithecidae Examples

A

baboons, golden monkeys, colobus monkeys, grey-cheeked mangabey, and ashy red colobus

65
Q

Family Hylobatidae example

A

Gibbons, Small Apes

66
Q

Family Hylobatidae Species Number

A

Four genera and 14 species

67
Q

Family Hylobatidae

A

Inhabit tropical southeastern Asia

· 4-11 kilograms

· Extremely long forelimbs modified for brachiation

· Lack tail and cheek pouches

· Highly vocal

Mammalogy (6 decks)

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