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Mammalogy > Final Exam- Carnivora > Flashcards

Final Exam- Carnivora Flashcards

1
Q

How many species are in Carnivora?

A

300 species, 16 families, 2 suborders

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2
Q

What is special about Order Carnivora hunting behaviors?

A

Most are predaceous and have a good sense of smell, and meat is easier to digest but difficult to acquire.

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3
Q

Where does Order Carnivora occur naturally?

A

Every continent except Austrlia

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4
Q

What are the two major Clades of Order Carnivora?

A

Feliforma and Caniforma

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5
Q

Four Morphological Features of Order Carnivora?

A

All teeth are rooted, Expanded Braincase, Loss of the third premolar, and foot posture is usually digitigrades and plantigrade

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6
Q

What is included in the suborder Feliformia

A

Includes Felids, hyaenids, viverrids, herpestids, and Malagasy Eupleridae

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of suborder Feliformia?

A

“Cat-like”

· Six modern families

· Related by numerous muscular characteristics

· Auditory bulla includes both ectotympanic and endo tympanic and has two chambers (except Nandinidae – African Palm Civets)

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8
Q

How many species are in family Felidae

A

14 genera and 40 species

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9
Q

Where is Family Felidae found?

A

Worldwide except Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, and some oceanic islands

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10
Q

Morphological traits of Family Felidae

A

· Number of teeth reduced (anterior-most upper premolar is strongly reduced or lost, carnassials well developed)

· Digitigrade foot posture

· Claws recurved and retraction (except in cheetah)

· Spotted or striped pelage common

· Weights range from 1 to 275 kg

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11
Q

Paleontology of Family Felidae

A

· Cat-like mammals appear in North America in Eocene

· Some species had saber-like upper canines

· Modern cats began radiation in Miocene

· Panthera lineage arose in Eurasia 11 million years ago

· Eight Felid lineages evolved

· Spread across land bridges as sea levels changed

· Roughly 6 million years ago lineage of small cats evolved (ancestors of domestic cats)

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12
Q

Hunting and social of family Felidae

A

· Hunt through the stealthy stalk and a quick burst of speed (cheetahs sprint up to 60 mph over short distances)

· excellent senses of smell, sight, and hearing

· Many sp nocturnal (tapetum lucidium)

· Most sp are agile climbers

· Most sp solitary (lions are social)

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13
Q

How many species are in family Viveridae?

A

15 genera and 35 species

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14
Q

What are examples of family Viveridae

A

Civets and Genets

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15
Q

Where is family Viveridae found

A

Old world tropical and southern temperate regions

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16
Q

Morphological characteristics of Family Viveridae

A

· Small to medium size (600 grams to 20 kilograms) with short legs

· Long rostrum

· Tail long and bushy

· Well-developed perineal (near the anus) scent glands

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17
Q

Ecology of Family Veveridae

A

· Some are agile climbers, some semi-aquatic, others terrestrial

· Mostly carnivorous and nocturnal

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18
Q

Family Herpesitidae – Mongooses

A

· Venom bounces off receptor cells in mongooses, making them “immune”

· Dances around prey until delivering final blow (breaking neck), leading to paralysis of prey

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19
Q

Family Eupleridae – Malagasy Carnivores (Fossa)

A

· 8 species

· Largest = Fossa, agile climber with retractable claws (feeds on small lemurs)

· Most are nocturnal and terrestrial

· The rare Malagasy falanouc has reduced dentition (primarily feeds on invertebrates)

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20
Q

Family Hyaenidae – Hyenas Species number

A

3 genera and four species

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21
Q

Where is Family Hyaenidae found

A

Africa, turkey, Middle East, and parts of India

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22
Q

Morphological characteristics of Family Hyaenidae

A

· Weigh up to 80 kg

· Skull robustly built, carnassials well developed

· Feet with 4 toes and blunt, nonretractable claws

· Large sagittal crest for muscle attachment

· Massive cheek teeth with very thick enamel

· Massive zygomatic arch for muscle attachment

23
Q

Ecology of Family Hyaenidae

A

· Female dominated (mounting, pseudo penis, larger than males)

· Can crush and eat bones

· Occupy same niche as African lions

· Both scavengers and predators

· Spotted hyenas form large packs or clans

· Striped hyenas more omnivorous

24
Q

Aardwolf!

A

· Aardwolf has reduced dentition (feeds on termites)

· No large crests on skull for jaw musculature

· Zygomatic arch somewhat reduced

· Dentition reduced to accompany insectivorous diet

25
Q

What is included in Suborder Caniforma?

A

Four clades; canidae, ursidae, pinnipedia, musteloidea

26
Q

Family Canidae Species number

A

13 genera and 35 species

27
Q

Where is the family Canidae Found?

A

Nearly worldwide distribution

28
Q

What are family Canidae facts?

A

· Fossils date to the Eocene of North America

· Broadly adapted carnivores

29
Q

Morphological characteristics of Family Canidae

A

· Large nasal chamber (excellent sense of smell)

· Limbs generally long

· Clavicle absent

· Feet Digitigrade

· Blunt, nonretractable claws

· Robust canines, carnassials present

· Molars retain crushing surfaces (more flexible diet)

30
Q

Ecology of Family Canidae?

A

· Omnivores (small or moderate size and usually non social)

· Carnivores (range in size from 2 to 80 kg, typically Cursorial, may or may not be social)

· Insectivores (small and social)

31
Q

Family Ursidae includes

A

Bears

32
Q

Family Ursidae Secies Number?

A

5 genera and 8 species

33
Q

Where is Family Ursidae Found

A

North America and Eurasia

34
Q

When does Ursidae fossils date to

A

Fossils date to early Miocene

35
Q

Examples of Family Ursidae

A

Sun Bears, Black bears, spectacled bears, panda bears, polar bears, Grizzly.

36
Q

Morphological of Family Ursidae

A

· Large body size

· Limbs powerful, feet plantigrade

· Claws non retractible

· Tails very short

· Long rostrum

· Post-carnassial teeth robust and adapted to crushing

37
Q

Ecology of family ursidae

A

More omnivorous diets

· Exceptions to omnivorous feeding habits

· Polar bear diet restricted to seals

· Giant panda diet mostly bamboo

· Northern species may “hibernate” (HR and metabolism slows, live off accumulated fat reserves, arouse easily)

38
Q

Family Ailuridae – Red Pandas

A

Single species

39
Q

Morphological characteristics of Family Ailuridae

A

· Enlarged radial sesmoid evolved for arboreal grasping

· 3 to 6 kilogram

40
Q

Ecology of Family Ailuridae

A

· Restricted to Northern Myanmar and parts of China

· Arboreal and largely crepuscular

· Eat bamboo leaves, berries, flowers, and other plant material

· Mostly solitary

· Endangered throughout their range

41
Q

Family Mephitida

A

Skunks and stink badgers

42
Q

Number of species in Family Mephitidae

A

4 genera and 12 species

43
Q

Where is Family Mephitidae found

A

Stink badgers (2 species) inhabit Indonesia, Malaysia, and Palawan Island (Philippines)

44
Q

Morphological and Ecology of Family Mephitidae

A

· Skunks are moderately small

· 0.5 to 4 kilos

· Conspicuously colored (black and white spots or stripes)

· Adapted for digging (muscular legs, long claws)

· Nocturnal, solitary, omnivorous

· Anal glands spray noxious odo

45
Q

Family Procyonidae

A

Racoons, Coatis, Ringtail

46
Q

Family Proctonidae facts

A

· 6 genera and 14 species

· New world – southern Canada through much of South America

· Omnivorous and agile climbers

· Plantigrade feet, non retractible or semi-retractible claws

· Dexterous forefeet in some species

· Tail long – prehensile in kinkajou

47
Q

Family Mustelidae

A

weasels, otters, and badgers, wolverine

48
Q

Number of species in Family Mustelidae

A

25 genera and 65 species

49
Q

Family Mustilidae Found

A

Nearly cosmopolitan except Madagascar, Australia, and ocean islands

50
Q

Morphological traits of Family Mustelidae

A

· Typically fairly small long-bodied carnivores with short limbs and a pushed-in face

· Long brain case and short rostrum

· Carnassials blade-like in many species

· Anal scent glands well developed

· Tail long

· Smallest species weigh 32-250 grams

· Largest species 32-45 kg

51
Q

Ecology of Family Mustelidae

A

· Aggressive hunters

· Otters are semiaquatic or almost completely aquatic

52
Q

Reproduction of Family Mustelidae

A

· Induced ovulation common (typically requires prolonged copulation)

· Delayed implantation of embryo common (may be delayed up to 10 months (badgers), implantation of the blastocyst tales place in response to environmental cues

53
Q

Morphological features of Carnivora

A

· Expanded braincase

· Flange on the lateral margin of the Basioccipital

· Fronto-parietal suture far back on skull

· All teeth are rooted

· Loss of third molar

· Carnassials are P4 and M1

54
Q

Skeletal Adaptations for Cursorial Locomotion

A

· Cursorial (running) may be limited or strongly developed

· Fused scaphoid and lunar bones, centrale lost (wrist)

· Foot posture is usually digitigrade or plantigrade

· Primary adaptations for running include bone loss and/or fusion of carpals and tarsals

Mammalogy (6 decks)

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