Final Exam Prep Flashcards
Which of the following structures is not directly involved in the gas exchange process within the lungs?
- A. Bronchi
- B. Nostrils
- C. Alveoli
- D. Bronchioles
Which of the following structures is not directly involved in the gas exchange process within the lungs?
- A. Bronchi
- B. Nostrils
- C. Alveoli
- D. Bronchioles
The primary muscle responsible for initiating inspiration by increasing the volume of the intrathoracic cavity is:
- A. Pectoralis minor
- B. Sternocleidomastoid
- C. Diaphragm
- D. External intercostals
The primary muscle responsible for initiating inspiration by increasing the volume of the intrathoracic cavity is:
- A. Pectoralis minor
- B. Sternocleidomastoid
- C. Diaphragm
- D. External intercostals
In terms of lung volumes and capacities, which parameter increases significantly during vigorous exercise?
- A. Residual volume
- B. Inspiratory reserve volume
- C. Tidal volume
- D. Functional residual capacity
In terms of lung volumes and capacities, which parameter increases significantly during vigorous exercise?
- A. Residual volume
- B. Inspiratory reserve volume
- C. Tidal volume
- D. Functional residual capacity
The formula ๐๐ธ = ๐๐ ร ๐defines which of the following respiratory measurements?
- A. Lung compliance
- B. Airway resistance
- C. Pulmonary ventilation
- D. Respiratory quotient
The formula ๐๐ธ = ๐๐ ร ๐defines which of the following respiratory measurements?
- A. Lung compliance
- B. Airway resistance
- C. Pulmonary ventilation
- D. Respiratory quotient
Pulmonary ventilation involves all of the following functions except:
- A. Air is warmed as it enters the respiratory tract
- B. Mucus traps airborne particles
- C. Air is cooled before reaching the lungs
- D. Humidifies air to prevent damage to membranes
Pulmonary ventilation involves all of the following functions except:
- A. Air is warmed as it enters the respiratory tract
- B. Mucus traps airborne particles
- C. Air is cooled before reaching the lungs
- D. Humidifies air to prevent damage to membranes
Which of the following is not a factor promoting diffusion of gases in the lungs?
- A. Large surface area of alveoli
- B. Pressure differences between air and blood
- C. Increased airway resistance
- D. Thinness of the respiratory membrane
Which of the following is not a factor promoting diffusion of gases in the lungs?
- A. Large surface area of alveoli
- B. Pressure differences between air and blood
- C. Increased airway resistance
- D. Thinness of the respiratory membrane
The intrapleural pressure is described as being:
- A. Less than atmospheric pressure
- B. Equal to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration
- C. Higher than intrapulmonary pressure at rest
- D. None of the above
The intrapleural pressure is described as being:
- A. Less than atmospheric pressure
- B. Equal to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration
- C. Higher than intrapulmonary pressure at rest
- D. None of the above
Expiration at rest is primarily a result of:
- A. Passive recoil of the diaphragm
- B. Contraction of the rectus abdominis
- C. Active contraction of internal intercostal muscles
- D. Increased intrathoracic volume
Expiration at rest is primarily a result of:
- A. Passive recoil of the diaphragm
- B. Contraction of the rectus abdominis
- C. Active contraction of internal intercostal muscles
- D. Increased intrathoracic volume
During forced expiration, such as during intense exercise, which muscles are most likely to be involved?
- A. External intercostals
- B. Scalenes
- C. Rectus abdominis
- D. Diaphragm
During forced expiration, such as during intense exercise, which muscles are most likely to be involved?
- A. External intercostals
- B. Scalenes
- C. Rectus abdominis
- D. Diaphragm
The FEV1-to-FVC ratio decreases in conditions like asthma or emphysema due to:
- A. Increased tidal volume
- B. Decreased residual volume
- C. Airway obstruction limiting expiratory flow
- D. Increased inspiratory reserve volume
The FEV1-to-FVC ratio decreases in conditions like asthma or emphysema due to:
- A. Increased tidal volume
- B. Decreased residual volume
- C. Airway obstruction limiting expiratory flow
- D. Increased inspiratory reserve volume
What is the primary function of the respiratory membrane in the alveoli?
- A. To produce mucus
- B. To facilitate the diffusion of gases
- C. To regulate airflow resistance
- D. To warm the air entering the lungs
What is the primary function of the respiratory membrane in the alveoli?
- A. To produce mucus
- B. To facilitate the diffusion of gases
- C. To regulate airflow resistance
- D. To warm the air entering the lungs
Which muscles are primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during the process of inspiration?
- A. External intercostals
- B. Internal intercostals
- C. Pectoralis major
- D. Latissimus dorsi
Which muscles are primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during the process of inspiration?
- A. External intercostals
- B. Internal intercostals
- C. Pectoralis major
- D. Latissimus dorsi
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the alveoli is typically:
- A. 0.2 mm Hg
- B. 40 mm Hg
- C. 46 mm Hg
- D. 100 mm Hg
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the alveoli is typically:
- A. 0.2 mm Hg
- B. 40 mm Hg
- C. 46 mm Hg
- D. 100 mm Hg
Which physiological change is associated with an increase in age with respect to lung volumes and capacities?
- A. Increase in tidal volume
- B. Increase in total lung capacity
- C. Increase in residual volume
- D. Increase in inspiratory capacity
Which physiological change is associated with an increase in age with respect to lung volumes and capacities?
- A. Increase in tidal volume
- B. Increase in total lung capacity
- C. Increase in residual volume
- D. Increase in inspiratory capacity
When considering the transportation of carbon dioxide in the blood, what percentage is transported as bicarbonate?
- A. 10%
- B. 20%
- C. 70%
- D. 90%
When considering the transportation of carbon dioxide in the blood, what percentage is transported as bicarbonate?
- A. 10%
- B. 20%
- C. 70%
- D. 90%
Myoglobin, found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, serves which primary function during physical activity?
- A. Transports carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
- B. Binds oxygen to facilitate its transport to mitochondria
- C. Acts as a primary source of energy
- D. Converts glucose to ATP
Myoglobin, found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, serves which primary function during physical activity?
- A. Transports carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
- B. Binds oxygen to facilitate its transport to mitochondria
- C. Acts as a primary source of energy
- D. Converts glucose to ATP
Which of the following best describes the role of central chemoreceptors in respiratory control?
- A. They detect changes in oxygen levels in the blood.
- B. They respond to changes in pH and H+ concentration in cerebrospinal fluid.
- C. They control the voluntary modification of breathing patterns.
- D. They increase the respiratory rate in response to decreases in blood pressure.
Which of the following best describes the role of central chemoreceptors in respiratory control?
- A. They detect changes in oxygen levels in the blood.
- B. They respond to changes in pH and H+ concentration in cerebrospinal fluid.
- C. They control the voluntary modification of breathing patterns.
- D. They increase the respiratory rate in response to decreases in blood pressure.
What is the primary role of pleural fluid in the respiratory system?
- A. To provide nutrients to lung tissues
- B. To facilitate gas exchange between alveoli and blood
- C. To reduce friction between the pleural membranes during breathing
- D. To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the heart
What is the primary role of pleural fluid in the respiratory system?
- A. To provide nutrients to lung tissues
- B. To facilitate gas exchange between alveoli and blood
- C. To reduce friction between the pleural membranes during breathing
- D. To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the heart
During an intense workout, how does the respiratory system primarily respond to meet increased oxygen demands?
- A. By increasing both the depth and frequency of breathing
- B. By decreasing the tidal volume to conserve energy
- C. By increasing the residual volume
- D. By decreasing the rate of breathing to enhance gas exchange
During an intense workout, how does the respiratory system primarily respond to meet increased oxygen demands?
- A. By increasing both the depth and frequency of breathing
- B. By decreasing the tidal volume to conserve energy
- C. By increasing the residual volume
- D. By decreasing the rate of breathing to enhance gas exchange
How does the thickness of the respiratory membrane affect the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs?
- A. Increased thickness enhances oxygen absorption
- B. Decreased thickness facilitates faster diffusion of gases
- C. Increased thickness decreases the diffusion capacity for carbon dioxide
- D. Decreased thickness increases airflow resistance
How does the thickness of the respiratory membrane affect the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs?
- A. Increased thickness enhances oxygen absorption
- B. Decreased thickness facilitates faster diffusion of gases
- C. Increased thickness decreases the diffusion capacity for carbon dioxide
- D. Decreased thickness increases airflow resistance
Which of the following best describes the effect of exercise on bronchial diameter?
- A. Exercise decreases bronchial diameter due to increased airway resistance.
- B. Exercise causes bronchodilation, decreasing resistance to airflow.
- C. Exercise has no effect on bronchial diameter.
- D. Exercise increases bronchial constriction, enhancing oxygen uptake.
Which of the following best describes the effect of exercise on bronchial diameter?
- A. Exercise decreases bronchial diameter due to increased airway resistance.
- B. Exercise causes bronchodilation, decreasing resistance to airflow.
- C. Exercise has no effect on bronchial diameter.
- D. Exercise increases bronchial constriction, enhancing oxygen uptake.
During pulmonary gas exchange, the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood is primarily facilitated by:
- A. Active transport mechanisms
- B. The gradient of partial pressure differences
- C. The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
- D. The viscosity of the blood
During pulmonary gas exchange, the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood is primarily facilitated by:
- A. Active transport mechanisms
- B. The gradient of partial pressure differences
- C. The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
- D. The viscosity of the blood
Ventilation during moderate to intense exercise is most effectively controlled by:
- A. Voluntary efforts from the cerebral cortex
- B. Chemoreceptors that respond to blood pH and gas levels
- C. Central nervous system suppression of respiratory muscles
- D. Decreased sensitivity of the respiratory centers to carbon dioxide
Ventilation during moderate to intense exercise is most effectively controlled by:
- A. Voluntary efforts from the cerebral cortex
- B. Chemoreceptors that respond to blood pH and gas levels
- C. Central nervous system suppression of respiratory muscles
- D. Decreased sensitivity of the respiratory centers to carbon dioxide
What is the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport?
- A. Hemoglobin decreases the solubility of oxygen in blood.
- B. Hemoglobin binds with carbon dioxide to expel it from the body.
- C. Hemoglobin carries most of the oxygen transported in the blood.
- D. Hemoglobin prevents oxygen from escaping from the capillaries.
What is the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport?
- A. Hemoglobin decreases the solubility of oxygen in blood.
- B. Hemoglobin binds with carbon dioxide to expel it from the body.
- C. Hemoglobin carries most of the oxygen transported in the blood.
- D. Hemoglobin prevents oxygen from escaping from the capillaries
Which condition would result in a FEV1/FVC ratio below the normal range of 75-85%?
- A. Decreased age-related elastic decline
- B. Heightened respiratory muscle function
- C. Increased airway resistance due to structural lung changes
- D. Obstructive lung disease, such as asthma or emphysema
Which condition would result in a FEV1/FVC ratio below the normal range of 75-85%?
- A. Decreased age-related elastic decline
- B. Heightened respiratory muscle function
- C. Increased airway resistance due to structural lung changes
- D. Obstructive lung disease, such as asthma or emphysema
The respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata primarily:
- A. Initiates voluntary muscular contractions for respiration.
- B. Generates the basic rhythmical pattern of breathing.
- C. Modulates the respiratory rate based on visual stimuli.
- D. Acts independently of peripheral chemoreceptors.
The respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata primarily:
- A. Initiates voluntary muscular contractions for respiration.
- B. Generates the basic rhythmical pattern of breathing.
- C. Modulates the respiratory rate based on visual stimuli.
- D. Acts independently of peripheral chemoreceptors.
What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary pleurae?
- A. To absorb oxygen from the alveolar air
- B. To encase each lung in a protective double-layered membrane
- C. To increase the surface area for gas exchange
- D. To actively transport gases into and out of the lungs
What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary pleurae?
- A. To absorb oxygen from the alveolar air
- B. To encase each lung in a protective double-layered membrane
- C. To increase the surface area for gas exchange
- D. To actively transport gases into and out of the lungs
How does the diaphragm contribute to the mechanics of ventilation?
- A. It contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration.
- B. It relaxes and curves upwards, decreasing the thoracic volume during inspiration.
- C. It remains static and allows the intercostal muscles to control breathing.
- D. It assists in expelling air during forced expiration only.
How does the diaphragm contribute to the mechanics of ventilation?
- A. It contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration.
- B. It relaxes and curves upwards, decreasing the thoracic volume during inspiration.
- C. It remains static and allows the intercostal muscles to control breathing.
- D. It assists in expelling air during forced expiration only.
In cases of severe asthma, which muscle group is particularly involved during forced expiration?
- A. Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
- B. External intercostals and pectoralis major
- C. Diaphragm and scalenes
- D. Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
In cases of severe asthma, which muscle group is particularly involved during forced expiration?
- A. Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
- B. External intercostals and pectoralis major
- C. Diaphragm and scalenes
- D. Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
What effect does aging have on the respiratory systemโs lung volumes?
- A. Increase in both tidal and residual volumes
- B. Increase in residual volume with a decrease in expiratory reserve volume
- C. General increase in all lung volumes and capacities
- D. Decrease in residual volume with an increase in inspiratory capacity
What effect does aging have on the respiratory systemโs lung volumes?
- A. Increase in both tidal and residual volumes
- B. Increase in residual volume with a decrease in expiratory reserve volume
- C. General increase in all lung volumes and capacities
- D. Decrease in residual volume with an increase in inspiratory capacity
Which of the following best describes the effect of exercise on bronchial diameter?
- A. Exercise decreases bronchial diameter due to increased airway resistance.
- B. Exercise causes bronchodilation, decreasing resistance to airflow.
- C. Exercise has no effect on bronchial diameter.
- D. Exercise increases bronchial constriction, enhancing oxygen uptake.
Which of the following best describes the effect of exercise on bronchial diameter?
- A. Exercise decreases bronchial diameter due to increased airway resistance.
- B. Exercise causes bronchodilation, decreasing resistance to airflow.
- C. Exercise has no effect on bronchial diameter.
- D. Exercise increases bronchial constriction, enhancing oxygen uptake.
During pulmonary gas exchange, the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood is primarily facilitated by:
- A. Active transport mechanisms
- B. The gradient of partial pressure differences
- C. The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
- D. The viscosity of the blood
During pulmonary gas exchange, the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood is primarily facilitated by:
- A. Active transport mechanisms
- B. The gradient of partial pressure differences
- C. The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
- D. The viscosity of the blood
What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?
- A. To increase the diffusion of gases at the alveoli.
- B. To move mucus toward the oral cavity to be expelled.
- C. To regulate the flow of serous fluid in the pleural cavity.
- D. To control the opening and closing of the airway during respiration.
What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?
- A. To increase the diffusion of gases at the alveoli.
- B. To move mucus toward the oral cavity to be expelled.
- C. To regulate the flow of serous fluid in the pleural cavity.
- D. To control the opening and closing of the airway during respiration.
What happens to the intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
- A. It becomes more negative relative to atmospheric pressure, facilitating lung expansion.
- B. It increases to higher than atmospheric pressure, pushing air out of the lungs.
- C. It equilibrates with the intrapulmonary pressure.
- D. It drops to zero, causing the lungs to collapse.
What happens to the intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
- A. It becomes more negative relative to atmospheric pressure, facilitating lung expansion.
- B. It increases to higher than atmospheric pressure, pushing air out of the lungs.
- C. It equilibrates with the intrapulmonary pressure.
- D. It drops to zero, causing the lungs to collapse.
What is the primary effect of bronchodilation during exercise?
- A. It decreases the amount of air that can be inspired.
- B. It increases the resistance to airflow.
- C. It increases airflow by decreasing resistance.
- D. It leads to a decrease in pulmonary ventilation.
What is the primary effect of bronchodilation during exercise?
- A. It decreases the amount of air that can be inspired.
- B. It increases the resistance to airflow.
- C. It increases airflow by decreasing resistance.
- D. It leads to a decrease in pulmonary ventilation.
How does the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli compare to that in arterial blood?
- A. It is lower in the alveoli than in arterial blood.
- B. It is higher in the alveoli, facilitating diffusion into the blood.
- C. It is the same, indicating no net movement of oxygen.
- D. It fluctuates more in the alveoli than in the blood.
How does the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli compare to that in arterial blood?
- A. It is lower in the alveoli than in arterial blood.
- B. It is higher in the alveoli, facilitating diffusion into the blood.
- C. It is the same, indicating no net movement of oxygen.
- D. It fluctuates more in the alveoli than in the blood.
Which condition directly results from a failure in the gas exchange efficiency at the alveoli?
- A. Increased blood pressure
- B. Hypoxemia
- C. Hypercapnia
- D. Acidosis
Which condition directly results from a failure in the gas exchange efficiency at the alveoli?
- A. Increased blood pressure
- B. Hypoxemia
- C. Hypercapnia
- D. Acidosis
What role does the parietal pleura play in the respiratory system?
- A. It lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm.
- B. It directly covers the lungs.
- C. It secretes enzymes that aid in gas exchange.
- D. It absorbs oxygen into the bloodstream.
What role does the parietal pleura play in the respiratory system?
- A. It lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm.
- B. It directly covers the lungs.
- C. It secretes enzymes that aid in gas exchange.
- D. It absorbs oxygen into the bloodstream.
What is the primary role of the serous fluid found between the pleural membranes?
- A. It acts as a lubricant to facilitate the movement of lungs during breathing.
- B. It aids in the transport of gases across the pleural membranes.
- C. It provides nutrients to the cells of the pleural membranes.
- D. It serves as a buffer to regulate pH changes in the pleural cavity.
What is the primary role of the serous fluid found between the pleural membranes?
- A. It acts as a lubricant to facilitate the movement of lungs during breathing.
- B. It aids in the transport of gases across the pleural membranes.
- C. It provides nutrients to the cells of the pleural membranes.
- D. It serves as a buffer to regulate pH changes in the pleural cavity.
All of the following are functions of the respiratory system except:
- A. Exchange of gases between air and blood.
- B. Regulation of blood pH.
- C. Synthesis of red blood cells.
- D. Humidification of inhaled air.
All of the following are functions of the respiratory system except:
- A. Exchange of gases between air and blood.
- B. Regulation of blood pH.
- C. Synthesis of red blood cells.
- D. Humidification of inhaled air.
