Chronic Diseases Flashcards
What is angina pectoris and how does it manifest?
Chronic Diseases
Angina pectoris is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, often feeling like pressure or squeezing in the chest.
Describe the symptoms of congestive heart failure.
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling (edema), worsening breathing when lying flat (orthopnea), and fatigue.
What are the two types of heart failure and their characteristics?
Chronic Diseases
Systolic heart failure involves decreased pumping function, and diastolic heart failure involves a thickened and stiff heart muscle.
Identify the main symptoms of coronary artery disease.
Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, and palpitations.
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, and palpitations.
What are common symptoms of Type II diabetes?
Chronic Diseases
Frequent urination, increased thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow healing of cuts and wounds.
Explain the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
Chronic Diseases
Arteriosclerosis is the loss of elasticity and hardening of arteries, while atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup within arterial walls.
What is bronchiectasis, and what are its symptoms?
Chronic Diseases
Bronchiectasis is a condition where the bronchial tubes in the lungs are permanently widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus and symptoms like chronic cough and breathing difficulties.
Describe the characteristics and symptoms of emphysema.
Chronic Diseases
Emphysema is a lung condition that causes breathlessness, typically due to damaged alveoli associated with smoking.
What is cor pulmonale and its primary cause?
Chronic Diseases
Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart fails due to increased pulmonary artery pressure, typically caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension.
Identify the symptoms and causes of jugular vein distention.
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms include visible bulging of the neck veins, often caused by conditions like heart failure or superior vena cava obstruction.
What is bronchitis and its primary symptoms?
Chronic Diseases
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, with symptoms including persistent cough, chest congestion, and breathing difficulties.
Explain pulmonary hypertension and its impact on the heart.
Chronic Diseases
Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the lungs’ arteries, leading to right ventricular failure over time.
What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia in diabetes?
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst, fatigue, nausea, and in severe cases, confusion or coma.
What does the ejection fraction (EF) indicate in heart diagnostics?
Chronic Diseases
EF measures the percentage of blood leaving the heart each beat; low values indicate potential heart failure.
Describe the symptoms and risk factors of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms include chronic cough, wheezing, and breathlessness, with risk factors including smoking and long-term exposure to irritants.
What are common treatment options for angina pectoris?
Chronic Diseases
Treatments include lifestyle modifications, medication (like nitroglycerin), and procedures such as angioplasty to restore blood flow.
How is congestive heart failure typically managed?
Chronic Diseases
Management includes medication (e.g., diuretics, ACE inhibitors), lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, devices like ventricular assist devices or transplants.
What medications are commonly prescribed for managing hypertension?
Chronic Diseases
Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used.
Describe the treatment approach for Type II diabetes.
Chronic Diseases
Treatment includes lifestyle interventions, blood sugar monitoring, insulin therapy, and oral medications to enhance insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production.
What interventions are effective for atherosclerosis?
Chronic Diseases
Interventions include statins to lower cholesterol, antiplatelet drugs to prevent clots, and surgical options like angioplasty or artery bypass.
What are key components of cardiac rehabilitation?
Chronic Diseases
Cardiac rehabilitation may include structured exercise, dietary counseling, risk factor management (like smoking cessation and weight control), and education on heart health.
How is emphysema treated to manage symptoms and progression?
Chronic Diseases
Treatments focus on relieving symptoms and may include inhalers, steroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and in severe cases, surgery.
What role do beta blockers play in heart disease treatment?
Chronic Diseases
Beta blockers reduce the heart’s workload and heart rate, lower blood pressure, and prevent further damage following heart attacks.
What strategies are used in pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD?
Chronic Diseases
Strategies include exercise training, nutritional counseling, education on lung health, and support in managing COPD.
Explain the use of diuretics in cardiovascular treatment.
Chronic Diseases
Diuretics help reduce the body’s sodium and fluid levels, lowering blood volume and pressure, and easing the workload on the heart.
What dietary changes are recommended for managing heart disease?
Chronic Diseases
A low-sodium, low-fat diet is recommended to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
Why is physical activity important for individuals with Type II diabetes?
Chronic Diseases
Regular exercise helps reduce blood glucose levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and decrease cardiovascular risk.
How does quitting smoking benefit cardiovascular health?
Chronic Diseases
Quitting smoking improves circulation, reduces risk of heart disease, and lowers chances of respiratory infections.
What lifestyle modification is advised for patients with hypertension?
Chronic Diseases
Reducing salt intake, maintaining a healthy weight, regular physical activity, and moderating alcohol consumption are key.
Why is weight management important for patients with chronic diseases?
Chronic Diseases
Managing weight helps reduce the burden on the heart, improves respiratory function, and decreases overall health risks.
What role does alcohol and caffeine reduction play in managing chronic heart conditions?
Chronic Diseases
Reducing alcohol and caffeine intake can help manage arrhythmias and high blood pressure, benefiting heart health.
How does stress management assist in treating chronic diseases?
Chronic Diseases
Stress management can help lower blood pressure, reduce heart strain, and improve overall emotional and physical well-being.
What is the impact of dietary fiber on heart health?
Chronic Diseases
High fiber intake can improve cholesterol levels, help manage blood sugar, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.
What is the significance of measuring ejection fraction (EF) in heart failure diagnosis?
Chronic Diseases
EF assesses the percentage of blood ejected from the heart during each beat, indicating heart’s pumping efficiency.
How is blood pressure used as a diagnostic indicator for cardiovascular health?
Chronic Diseases
Persistent high blood pressure can indicate hypertension, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Why monitor glucose levels in diabetes management?
Chronic Diseases
Regular monitoring of glucose levels helps manage diabetes effectively, preventing complications like neuropathy and retinopathy.
What does a high C-reactive protein (CRP) level indicate?
Chronic Diseases
A high CRP level suggests inflammation in the body, which could be linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
How are cholesterol levels used to assess cardiovascular risk?
Chronic Diseases
High levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol increase the risk of arteriosclerosis and heart attacks.
What role does hemoglobin A1c play in diabetes management?
Chronic Diseases
Hemoglobin A1c measures average blood glucose control over the past 2-3 months, indicating how well diabetes is being managed.
Why are liver function tests important in diagnosing metabolic conditions?
Chronic Diseases
Abnormal liver tests can indicate fatty liver disease, which is often associated with obesity and diabetes, impacting overall metabolic health.
What is the recommended frequency for blood pressure monitoring in hypertension patients?
Chronic Diseases
Patients with hypertension should monitor their blood pressure regularly, ideally daily if recommended by a healthcare provider.
How often should blood glucose levels be checked in patients with diabetes?
Chronic Diseases
Depending on the type of diabetes and treatment, monitoring may range from several times a day to a few times a week.
What are the guidelines for cholesterol monitoring in individuals at risk for heart disease?
Chronic Diseases
Individuals at risk should have their cholesterol checked at least once a year, or more frequently if levels are elevated.
Why is it important to monitor weight and BMI in patients with chronic diseases?
Chronic Diseases
Regular monitoring helps track the effectiveness of lifestyle changes and medications in managing the disease.
What precautions should be taken during physical activity for patients with cardiovascular conditions?
Chronic Diseases
Monitor heart rate and symptoms, and adjust intensity to avoid overexertion, especially in patients with known heart conditions.
How should respiratory function be monitored in patients with chronic respiratory diseases?
Chronic Diseases
Regular spirometry tests can help track lung function and the effectiveness of treatments for conditions like COPD and asthma.
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