Final Exam Prep Flashcards
gender Inequality
sex-based differences: femaile having a MI presenting with upper back pain/fatigue
gender inequity
female gets sent home with no MI-work up
-5.80%
child poverty rate for those living in couple families
-26.20%
child poverty rate for those living in female lone-parent families
While the wage gap is declining, it is still significant with men earning hourly wages on average $31.05 and women $26.92
-eliminating various forms of gender-based discrimination is needed to close the gap
- improve access to employment insurance and create policies that make it easier for workplaces to achieve collective agreements through unionization.
ways to eliminate various forms of gender
gender-based inequity
non-racialized women earn 69 cents for every dollar non-racialized men earn
race-based inequity
Racialized men earn 76 cents for every dollar non-racialized men earn, Racialized women earn 85 cents for every dollar non racialized women earn
gender based + race based inequity (intersectionality)
racialized women earn 58 cents for every dollar non-racialized men earn
~63%
how much do women with a bachelor’s degree earn more than women with a highschool diploma?
~45%
how much do men with a bachelor’s degree earn more than men with a highschool diploma?
gender bias in access to federal research dollars
reviewers selecting researchers is more at a disadvantage to women
gender identity
internal awareness of gender
gender expression
social expression of gender
Cis
non-trans
non-binary
does not identify exclusively with one gender
two-spirit
indigenous term referring to having both a masculine and feminine spirit
gender non-confirming
expression of gender that transcends masculine/feminine stereotypes
gender dysphoria
discomfort with the disrepancy between gender identity and biological sex
a women living in a high-income neighbourhood in Toronto is ___ more likely to have up-to-date screening than a recent immigrant of South Asian descent who is over 50 and doesn’t have a general practitioner
4x
race
term for the classification of human beings into physical, biologically and genetically distinct groups
racism
can be defined as: a way of thinking that considers a group’s unchangeable physical characteristics to be linked in a direct, causal way to psychological or intellectual characteristics, an which on this basis distinguishes between ‘superior’ and ‘inferior’ racial groups
racialization
-process of constructing/constituting racial identities and meanings
individual racism
-pre-judgment, bias, or discrimination by an individual based on race
institutional racism
-policies, practices and procedures that work better for white people than for people of colour, often unintentionally or inadvertently
structural racism
- a history and current reality of institutional racism across all institutions, combining to create a system that negatively impacts communities of colour
researchers have identified numerous pathways to health inequities related to racism
- the psychological stress of living in a racist environment
healthy immigrant effect
an observed time path in which the health of immigrants just after migration is susbtantially better than that of comparable native-born people but worsens with additional years in the new country
racialized immigrants and specific health conditions
-cardiovascular disease
structural problems from the report from Saskatoon Health Region about Aboriginal women being coerced into tubal ligation immediately after childbirth
- 16 Aboriginal women contacted the reviewers and seven interviews were completed
Brian Sinclair
- died of treatable bladder infection in 2008 after being ignored in the emergency department
typical minimalist responses for race
-cultural competence training
solution to inequities and disproportionate access issues or disproportionate pathologization and criminalization including methodological and political issues that make the project of cultural competence suspect for over:
- individualizing the solutions
cultural competence
-promotes a colour-blind mentality that eclipses the significance of institutionaled racism
unconscious bias
-popular approach to diversity education
eugenics
the study of the agencies under social control that may may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations
eugenicists
the sterilization and institutionalization of the mentally disabled all well as laws restricting immigration and marriage would improve public health
house of commons debates revealed that early 20th century psychiatry propounded the belief that persons with mental disabilities
were undesirable immigrants because they were by nature degenerates, dangerous and dishonest in disposition
section 3 of the Immigration Act of 1910: prohibited classes
- persons mentally defective
Dr. Helen MacMurchy’s the Almosts: A study of the Feeble-Minded
promoted eugenic ideas that advocated for segregation and sterlization to eliminate the feeble-minded, their economic costs and their criminal threat to society
MacMurchy
declared that the problem defective children could only be solved if special education and medical inspection were complemented by restricted of immigration
According to the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, a foreign national is inadmissible on health grounds if their health condition is:
a) likely to be a danger to public health
blood and racism - societies of sanguinities
key ideological term that held class, sexuality and race together was that of blood. Fostered the need to protect the purity of blood
CPHA commited to a series of reforms in the following actions:
-will review and amend its systems and processes to eliminate those processes that could lead to racist behaviour within the Association
social accountability
-refers to the obligation of family medicine to meet the priority health needs of Canada’s neighbourhoods, communities, regions, and provinces
The Constitution Act 1982
-protects Aboriginal and treaty rights
context of indigenous health
- pre-contact
contemporary reality
- disproportionate apprehension of Aboriginal children by child-welfare agencies
systemic racism
-when acceptance of discriminatory and prejudicial pratices is normalized across our society, in public services and institutions
colonization process
fuelled by racist beliefs & ideas about Indigenous peoples; their ways of knowing and being, customs and practices
truth & reconciliation
- first task - to understand the ‘truths’ (historically, locally)
calls to action: health
- link b/w current state of FNIM health and government policies
Self-determination
-indigenous people have been engaged in global self-determining efforts to have control over their institutions, resources, knowledge and information systems
UNDRIP
Canada ~25 years of participation
Indigenous Rights
without discrimination:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples:
- Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and to maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals. Indigenous individuals also have the right to access, without any discrimination to all social and health services
Indigenous knowledge
is a central to culturally relevant exchange of health information
Indigenous scholars
have articulated the complex nature and importance of IK towards the culturally safe services for Indigenous populations
In the two-eyed seeing: model (p. 496), the role of IPAH is entailed as:
- researcher-community engagement
close the gap
-level the gradient
complete the circle
- promote Indigenous-centered ways
interventions & training
- initiatives to increase the number of indigenous healthcare providers
reflexive allyship
-personal commitment
institutional allyship
-community engagement
dish with one spoon:
-maintaining peaceful relations
medicine wheel:
-recognition of interdependency among four races of the world
4 R’s of Downey Research
- reclamation
health equity
defined in ways that espouse values of social justice and benevolence and is held up as an ideal state achievable by all
public health stakeholders
aspire to close the gap and level of gradient to reudce inequities though the implementation of various health equity focused strategies
the path of shifting towards promoting health equity
first: improve the conditions of daily life
the historical denial of the rights of Indigenous peoples is directly linked to socioeconomic disparities, including poor health outcomes
in understanding the gap for health inequities towards indigenous people,
paydshiquin
completing the circle; how one sees the world around us; suggests a constant, completeness and a balance
race assumes:
-humanity is divided into unchanging natural types
race implies:
-some aspects can be related to racial origin
limitations of the traditional stigma reduction strategy for protest
-can increase stigmatizing attitudes
limitations of the traditional stigma reduction strategy for contact
-only effective when face to face
limitations of the traditional stigma reduction strategy for education
-less effective for individuals with greater prejudice
implicit bias
- our unconscious attitudes towards people or groups and associated stereotypes
upstream determinants of health
-governance
downstream determinants of health (impacted by socioeconomic and political context and socioeconomic position)
-material circumstances
average life expectancy in Canada
84.0 years for women
average life expectancy in BC
84.6 years for women
average life expectany in Nunavut
73.4 years for women
geography of specific vulnerabilities & health risks in both rural and urban areas
ie. public policies that create housing insecurity intersect with racial discrimination & urban ghettoization directed towards recent immigrants of colour
climate pressures
-increasing temperatures
exposure pathways
-extreme heat and heatwaves
health outcomes
-heat stress and heat stroke
extreme heat
- heat waves
natural disasters and variable rainfall
a) weather related natural disasters have tripled since 1960s - 60k deaths annually - mostly in low-income countries
patterns of infection
lengthens transmission seasons of important vector-borne disease and alters their geographic range (ie. malaria and dengue fever, malaria kills over 400K people annually- mostly children under five living in Africa)
association
-relationship between two random variables (statistically significant), without understanding the direction of the relationship (ie. ice cream and crime)
correlation
-measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables (change of one based on change of another)
traditional hazards
-associated with lack of development: drinking water, sanitation, plumbing, indoor cooking etc.
modern hazards
-associated with unsustainable development: water pollution, industry, intensive agriculture, urban air pollution, vehicular traffic, climate change, ozone changes etc.
61
how many long-term drinking water advisories are in effect?
441
how many projects are to repair, upgrade or build infrastructure
all long-term drinking water advisories on public systems on reserves
will be lifted by March 2021
microplastics
tiny particles of plastic measuring less than 5 mm in diameter
United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degredation
which program was the first joint UN global initiative on climate change?
inhalation of lead particles
-burning materials containing lead (recycling; stripping leaded paint)
ingestion of lead-contaminated dust
-water (leaded pipes)
globalization
processes by which nations, businesses, & people are becoming more connected & interdependent via increased economic integration & communication exchange, cultural diffusion & travel
united nations: paris climate agreement
aim: reduce greenhouse gases
Grassy Narrows First Nation
made an agreement with the federal government for an on-reserve care facility which serves people in the community suffering from the effects of mercury poisoning
societal factors vs. societal forces
(ie. income and employment) help shape health and explain health inequities
early period for social policy in canada: evolving ideology (1867 - 1930s)
-limited ‘state’
middle period for social policy in canada: evolving ideology (1945 - 1970s)
-supported for state being more involved
neo-liberal period for social policy in canada: evolving ideology (1975 - present)
-reduced state involved (and provinces/municipalities expected to foot more of the bill)
positivism in health sciences
-reliance on quantitative approaches
SDOH discourse: 1. identify those in need
-assumptions that service provision will improve health
SDOH discourse: 2. Identify modifiable risk factors
-assumptoms that behaviour change will improve health
SDOH discourse: 3. living conditions shape health
-identify SDoH pathways - strengthens evidence base
SDOH discourse: 4. material circumstances differ among groups
strengthens evidence base - forms basis for anti-discrimination efforts
SDOH discourse: 5. health determined by public policy
attention directed at public policy
SDOH discourse: 6. SDoH distribution determined by government/societal ideology
structures needing modification are identified
SDOH discourse: 7. SDoH distribution determined by who has power in society
focus on wealth redistribution
pluralism
governments adopt good policy ideas
political economy
policies serve the ‘economic elites’
disengaged citizenry
the privileged person looks at the lived reality of the less privileged and assumes that the world works for others the way it works for themselves
national housing strategy
-cut chronic homelessness by 50%
better to improve QoL for children in poverty
why affordable child care is important?
Housing policy recommendations according to Raphael et. al. suggest:
-increasing funding of social housing programs for low-income Canadians
Housing policy recommendations accoding to RNAO (2009) recommends:
-policy to reduce discrimination in rental housing
-implementation NOT impossible but requires members of society to demand policy changes in health and health equity
upstream: welfare & government
when nursing duties and loyalties conflict with societal power structures and nurses blindly adhere to policies rooted in structural racism, patients are not longers the center of care
allyship and patient-centered care
-engage with movements that confront oppression (ie. BLM)
becoming a formidable ally
knowledge is inextricably linked to power…nurses have the capacity to both exercise and resist power, making nursing care inherently a political activity
knowledge as power
- dissemination
St.Michael’s stages of health equity
-chronic disease
poverty is a risk factor for many health conditions:
-adoption of health-threatening coping behaviours
unemployment can lead to:
-physical and mental health problems (ie. depression, anxiety, increased suicide rates)
unemployment is associated with:
Job insecurity causes
burnout, mental/psychological problems, poor self-rated health, variety of somatic complaints
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
-guidelines set standards for responsible business conduct across a range of issues such as human rights, labour rights and the environment
key work dimensions shaping health outcomes
- job strain
precarious employment
-work is uncertain, insecure and unstable
Historical Labour Market Transformation
- Farming/Agriculture
Labour Market Today
-careers related to development of projects (ie. consultant, project management, coordinator)
boundaryless career
-often represents tech/knowledge economy: mobile work, netowrks and virtual communities of practice
traditional career
Represents industrial work - one stop shop, first job/last job, climbing the vertical ladder
active labour force
-unemployment fell to 40% low in but self-employment
unemployment rate
number of people in the labour force (15-64 yrs.) actively looking for a job
employment rate
employed / total labour force
precariat
precarious (insecure) + proletariat (working-class)
job security
enables economic + social inclusion
income security
economic inclusion
Intersectionality
-coined phrase in 1989
pay gaps
-racialized workers earn 81.4 cents per dollar compared to non-racialized workers
employment precarity index
-10 indicators measuring different components of work conditions (ie. benefits, pay for missed work, prevalence of on-call etc.
flexible production
-goods produced faster and cheaper -> consequence -> people change brands more often & want latest product
functional flexibility
-workers word harder and longer
numerical flexibility
- downsizing
intensification of work
-leisure sickness; repititive strain injuries (ie. less visible and hard to connect to one job)
non-standard work hours
long hours, physiological and psychological health disturbances, family conflict
precarious work
-poorer conditions; low control; less socialization
job insecurity
-associations b/w illness and downsizing; family dynamics and parenting
employment insecurity
-stress of no employment options
income insecurity
-income inadequacy (poverty) associated with ill health (ie. depression)
employment insecurity that impacts populations
-women
key dimensions of a ‘good’ job
- secure
job strain
person’s autonomy over their work and their ability to use their skills are low, while the psychologica demands placed upon them are high
effort-reward imbalance
-importance of rewards being in line with the demands (ie. time pressures, interruptions, responsibility, pressure to work overtime). When efforts are perceived to be higher than rewards, this leads to emotional distress
organizational justice
reflects the extent to which people believe that their supervisor considers their viewpoints, shares info concerning decision making and treats individuals fairly
work hours
-number of hours usually worked
status inconsistency (“goal-striving”)
refers to a situation where an individual’s level of education is higher than skills he or she requires for the occupation.
Work and health what should be done
- research and education (more KT)
policy and legislation
-increased minimum wage
policy implications
-support working life so demands and rewards are balanced
according to Nadine Burke Harris’ ted talk “how childhood trauma affects health accross a lifetime (Tedtalk)
adverse childhood experiences study
structural determinants: social determinants of health inequities
- governance
intermediary determinants: social determinants of health
- material circumstances
53% of Canadian population has post-secondary education
children whose parents do not have post-secondary education perform worse than children of more educated parents
high quality Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC)
-important for the growth, development and health of a child
ECEC Policy Goal ONE
enhancing children’s well-being, healthy development and lifelong learning (ie. quality matters (well-educated staff, size etc.)
ECEC Policy Goal TWO
supporting parents in education, training and employment
ECEC Policy Goal THREE
strong communities
ECEC Policy Goal FOUR
providing equity
High Quality ECEC should have (Goal 1):
- low staff: child ratios
ECEC: Canadian Context
-responsibility for early education is primarily provincial/territorial
Critiques of ECEC
- no systematic/integrated/universal approach - ‘tangle of programs’
Canada’s response to the critiques of ECEC
- Government of Canada to provide provinces and territories with $1.2 B for early learning and child care programs
EarlyON centres
-offers free, high-quality drop-in programs for families and children from birth to 6 years old.
Impact of provincial election on ECEC
Cancelled: $50 million fund meant to help child care centres cover costs for parents
Early Childhood Education Report Benchmarks of Quality
- Governance
ECEC learning environment in Nunavut:
- In Septemer 2017, Nunavut signed a 3 year, $7 million bilateral agreement with the federal government as part of the Federal-Provincial Territorial Early Childhood Learning and Care Agreement (ECLC)
Effects of COVID on ECEC
-school and child care center closures have been difficult for parents
ECLC Critique
-remains an inconsistent pathwork of policies and programs
-the quality of early child development is shaped by economic and social resources available to parents, which is primarily through employment
Why study early childhood development?
- political economy
bartley typology
c. cumulative effects
early childhood experiences
latency effects
-Early childhood experiences predispose children to either good or poor health regardless of later life circumstances
pathway effects
-a situation when children’s exposures to risk factors at one point do not have immediate health effects but later lead to situations that do have health consequences
cumulative effects
-the longer children live under conditions of material and social deprivation, the more likely they are to show adverse health and developmental outcomes.
EDI (early development instrument)
-physical health and well-being; social competence; emotional maturity; language and cognition; communication skills and general knowledge
An unfair start: inequality in Children’s education in rich countries
countries with higher average achievement tend to have lower levels of inequality in children’s reading scores.
Drivers of Educational Inequality
- parental education: lower = lower preschool attendance and less post-secondary education
Global Goals for Sustainable Development
by 2030, ensure all girls and boys complete free, equitable, and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes
Canada ranks 9th for the inequality in children’s education in rich countries
preschool rank #27
an unfair start: inequality in children’s education in rich countries
-the average dual-income families in wealthy nations spend approx. 15% of their net income on childcare.
% of children on different tracks by parental occupation
-children in families with higher status jobs are more likely to achieve well
what can Canada do for improving education services?
- improve services - focus on quality
who has the responsibility to ensure healthy diets for Canadians? (ie. high-fiber, fresh produce, low-processed foods)
governments
food insecurity
inability to access adequate food because of financial constraints
criteria that suggests some level of food insecurity:
-worry about not having enough food
food-insecure households
65% reported their main source of income as wages or salaries from employment
Hunger can infiltrate a family in many ways including:
- the birth of a child
marginal HFI
concerned about running out of food and limitations to food variety
moderate HFI
inadequate quality or quantity of foods
severe HFI
reduced food intake or disrupted eating
as HFI severity increases, the risk of the following increase:
-depression and anxiety disorders
food insecurity can lead to:
-hunger
-multiple chronic conditions
adults living with HFI experience higher rates of the following physical health complications:
Childhood HFI effects on health
-hyperactivity
Childhood HFI effects on health for adolescence and early adulthood
-asthma
one in eight households in Canada is food insecure =
4.4 million people (incl. more than 1.2 million children)
78.7% of the children in Nunavut
live in food-insecure households
2.Quebec (11.1%)
Who has the highest prevalence of food insecurity and who has the lowest?
Indigenous or black people
the highest rates of food insecurity are found among households where individuals identified as indigenous or black
- food charity does NOT move people out of food insecurity
food banks
Required policy to address HFI
- income-based policies and interventions
seed sowing
-food insecurity within diverse indigenous contexts, should not be narrowly defined as having enough to eat or sufficient household funds to purchase processed foods that may be more accessible.
- centre indigenous peoples and indigenous knowledges in these opportunities
policy examples to support Seed Sowing:
food insecurity:
- an income problem
-adequacy
core housing needs must include
only private, non-farm, non-reserve and owner- or renter-households with incomes greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratios less than 100%
which is assessed for ‘core housing need’ under Stats Canada?
Non-family households with at least one maintainer aged 15 to 29 attending school
which is not considered to be in Core housing need regardless of their housing circumstances
attending school
what is considered a transitional phase?
low-incomes earned by student households
what is viewed as being a temporary condition?
- 27% of renters are in core housing need
who is in core housing need?
-nunavut
who are special populations that need core housing?
core housing need: affordability
housing is affordable when its costs are less than 30% of the household’s gross income
core housing need: suitability
housing is suitable when there are enough bedrooms for the number and makeup of household members as measured by the National Occupancy Standard (NOS)
core housing need: adequacy
housing is adequate when it is not in need of major repairs to plumbing, structure, electrical or any other integral system
right to housing is:
-the right to live somewhere in security, peace and dignity
housing crisis:
the centralized waiting list for subsidized housing the City of Toronto
core housing need
if housing falls below one of the adequaacy, affordabiltiy or suitability standards & it would have to spend 30% or more of its total before-tax income to pay median rent of alternative local housing
Low Income Cut-Off (LICO)
-income thresholds below which a family will devote a larger share of its income on necessities of food, shelter and clothing
homelessness
the situation of an individual, family, or community without stable, safe, permanent, appropriate housing.
precarious housing
a person who lives in temporary household & is at risk for becoming homeless
housing-food dichotomy
for people living on low-income housing, payments often have priority over food purchases
for housing policy recommendations, Raphael et. al., (2020) suggest:
- increasing funding of social housing programs for low-income Canadians
for housing policy recommendations, RNAO (2009) recommends:
-policy to reduce discrimination in rental housing
Canada-Ontario Housing Benefit (COHB)
-pays the difference b/w 30 % of the household’s income and the average market rent in the area.
priority is given to the following groups:
-survivors of domestic violence and human trafficking
housing and health
in general: higher rates of morbidity/mortality for many infections/diseases are associated with housing insecurity (ie. bloodborne infections, mental health challenges, respiratory infections, chronic diseases, etc.)
housing insecurity and health
-inequities tend to be clustered
1 in 8 households
how many households in Canada live in food poverty
which households are most vulnerable to food insecurity?
-1 in 6 Canadian children under the age of 18 is affected by household food insecurity.
most (60.4%) households are reliant on social assistance in Canada are food-insecure
- a quarter are severly food-insecure
premature mortality
among the most serious health consequences of food insecurity, adults experiencing food insecurity are more likely to die prematurely than their food-secure counterparts
- enhancing indigenous food sovereignity practices towards community wellbeing
indigenous leadership can enhance community efforts to transform shared social spaces, build environments and ecological climates by:
that we believe everyone in Ontario has the right to live poverty-free and with dignity in housing that is stable, adequate, equitably accessible and affordable”
RNAO endorses the Housing Network of Ontario’s declaration built on the foundation
ontario’s affordable housing strategy
1) affordability of housing
gender mainstreaming (video from European Institute for Gender Equality)
-brings a gender perspective into each phase of policy development (ie. sports, education and energy)
cyclic phases of gender mainstreaming (video from European Institute for Gender Equality)
- define
23%
the % of nursing staff in Canada represent mirror the overall immigrant population in canada (gender guest lecture)
immigrant workers generally experienced downward occupational mobility upon migrating to Canada (kimberle crenshaw video)
- gender roles as wives
nursing is like a cappucinno (gender guest lecture)
-more white people at the top
86%
According to stats canada data, ___% of women make up the majority of healthcare aids
Blacks and Latinos
which demographics are more likely to experience the disparity in infectious disease rate pertaining to COVID?
Black Canadians
which demographic is more likely to work as PSWs and healthcare aides rather than managers which will decrease their chances of disease infection?
In an analysis I did for the Statistics Canada Canadian Mental Survey,
We found they had higher education but they were earning about $10,000 on average less than the non-immigrants.
intersectional analysis helps analyze what gaps in policy exist and how we can bridge the gaps in policy and promote some multidisciplinary work in that nature
policymaking has always had a silo nature, in which each policy in different topics will solely focus on their scope of the field, to counter this…
-women work fewer hours than men and their hourly wages are only 87% of wages of men.
women experience more adverse social determinants of health than men because…
because of the lack of affordable childcare services and women’s generally lower wages
single mothers are especially at high risk of entering poverty…
are more prone to anti-social behaviours and criminal offences than women
young males who experience disadvantages in the forms of poverty and low educational attainment and unemployment…
policy implications for gender:
-improving and enforcing pay equity legislation would improve the employment and economic situation of Canadian women
18.50%
The gender wage gap in percentage in Canada is ___ %
and this number is expected to increase significantly over the coming decades
at present, 1/5 of the Canadian population identifies as a visible minority,
-immigrants as a group have better health than their Canadian-born counterparts due to be super resourceful
healthy immigrant effect
result is due to a higher level of poverty and material deprivation that exacerbates income and other inequalities rooted in racial discrimination, which is especially relevant as most recent immigrants are people of colour
immigrants who have equivalent or higher educational credentials, are precariously employed as compared ot their Canadian-born counterparts
food insecurity and core housing need increase vulnerability to disease:
-during both childhood and adulthood.
findings have implications for the health of Canadians:
- immigrants need access to well-paying jobs
to report a deterioration in health
Non-european immigrants are more likely than Canadian born:
29.60%
___% of canadian foreign born from anglo-saxon nations that are in-work poverty
South Asians, Chinese, and Black
largest groups in Canada for visible minorities
-de-humanization
personally-mediated racism is prejudice and discrimination and manifests as:
- degradation of ecosystems
Nancy Krieger identifies six pathways by which racism harms health of which three are especially relevant to all racialized groups in Canada and the fourth to Indigenous:
as well as lower incomes than Canadians of European descent
Racialized Canadians across Canada experience lower labour participation rates and higher unemployment
-indigenous populations
In Canada, people at risk for mental problems are:
social exclusion
refers to specific groups being denied the opportunity to participate in Canadian life
economic exclusion
is when individuals cannot access economic resources and opportunities such as participation in paid work
leading to adult-onset diabetes and a range of other chronic diseases such as respiratory and CVD
marginalization and exclusion of individuals and communities from mainstream society constitute a primary factor,
Canadians of colour and recent immigrants
the quality of jobs is increasingly stratified along racial lines with a disproportionate proportion of low-income sector employment being taken by…
- NorthWest and East of Toronto are the hardest hit by diabetes
poverty, visible minorities and diabetes seem to overlap in Toronto
the risk of limiting the understanding of lived experience as mere points of data, perpetuating the risks of being used for quotas or tokenism or to advance racist scientific ideas that falsely equate race with genetic variation.
Demands for equity data are always at risk of being reduced to statistics connected to ideas about impartiality or objectivity about race, which undermine our appreciations of race, racism and racialization as socially, historically, and politically constituted
The viral aspects of inequity data persist with a similar gait and might benefit from an integration of knowledge that appreciates complexities and the risks to life associated with prevailing inequity.
-pertain not only to the biological or natural, but also to the viral discourse of social media where misinformation is propagated and based on erasure, omission, and narratives used to rationalize the injustice of victims.
defined in ways that espouse values of social justice and benevolence and is held up as an ideal state achievable by all.
Health equity
that a connection to the land is an imperative determinant of Yellowknives Dene First Nation (YKDFN) health.
the overall emerging theme in the Lines et. al. article was…
in the Lines et. al., what is considered alongside the structural determinants in Aboriginal health research?
Relationships, interconnectivity, and community are fundamental to the structural determinants (history, political climate, and social contexts).
a community-based participatory research (CBPR) methodology through an Indigenous research lens. CBPR is a collaboration between researchers and community participants through sharing knowledge and relevant lived experiences to promote social change
which method was used in lines et. al.’s study with YKDFN youth?
Indigenous methodology is based on:
-relationality and is best carried out by an Indigenous researcher who carries forward these lifelong relationships
The YKDFN youth emphasized the importance of:
-building YKDFN culture, community relations, and traditional knowledge transfer through a connection to the land to increase positive health outcomes.
Beyond 94 Calls to Action Status: “Not started”
Calls to Action in which no action plan has been developed and/or no funds have been committed, to implement the Call to Action.
Beyond 94 Calls to Action Status: “In Progress — Projects proposed”
refers to Calls to Action in which the relevant parties involved have either committed to an action plan or funding, but not yet followed through with it.
Beyond 94 Calls to Action Status: “In Progress — Projects underway”
refers to Calls to Action in which the relevant parties involved are actively working towards implementing that call, with both a timeline and (where needed) the funding to make it happen.
Beyond 94 Calls to Action Status: Complete
refers to Calls to Action which have been fully implemented.
1996
what year did the last residential school close?
- other types of environmental contamination that shape health
public policy regulations concerning environmental protections and urban planning determine:
higher for ‘remote’ and ‘very remote’ areas, especially for males
death rates from treatble diseases are related to geographical remoteness, with rates significantly:
re-regulate finance, up to and including bank nationalizations:
-restore rules that separate commercial from investment banking
reject austerity (fiscal contraction of government expenditures):
-challenge neoliberal economic policies on empirical, theoretical and ethical grounds
increase progressive taxation (increase corporate taxesm, marginal income tax rates, capital gains, and impose a wealth tax):
-close loopholes allowing tax evasion/avoidance
climate sensitive health risks:
-injury and mortality
the world must limit temperature rise to 1.5°C.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that to avert catastrophic health impacts and prevent millions of climate change-related deaths,
exposure pathways from vulnerability to climate change:
-extreme weather events
vulnerability factors:
- demographic factors
health system capacity & resilience
- leadership and governance
(ie. clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter.)
climate change affects which determinants of health?
Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause approximately 250 000 additional deaths per year,
from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat stress.
The direct damage costs to health
(i.e. excluding costs in health-determining sectors such as agriculture and water and sanitation), is estimated to be between USD 2-4 billion/year by 2030.
Areas with weak health infrastructure - mostly in developing countries:
- will be the least able to cope without assistance to prepare and respond.
Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases through:
-better transport
The risk from infectious diseases comprises two aspects:
- likelihood of exposure
According to the article by Ogden and Gachon, climate change will likely drive…
the emergence of infectious diseases (ie. tickborne diseases, malaria, dengue, West Nile and foodborne illnesses) in Canada by northward spread from the US and introduction from elsewhere in the world via air and sea transport.
an aging population affected by chronic diseases
risk will be compounded for greater sensitivity to infectious diseases due to:
three types of water advisories:
- boil water advisories (most common)
- operator’s training and certifications (20%)
Reserves water system assesment according to the government:
three broad approaches to reduce health inequities:
- targeted programmes for disadvantaged populations
Three key strategic directions for policy work to tackle the SDH:
- need for strategies to address context.
globalization environment
according to the framework for tackling SDH inequities, Policies on stratification to reduce inequalities, mitigate effects of stratification fall under…
macro level: public policies
according to the framework for tackling SDH inequities, Policies to reduce exposures of disadvantaged people to health-damaging factors fall under…
mesa level: community
according to the framework for tackling SDH inequities, policies to reduce vulnerabilities of disadvantaged people…
micro level: individual interaction
according to the framework for tackling SDH inequities, Policies to reduce unequal consequences of illness in social, economic and health terms…
social democratic welfare states:
- primary aim: emphasize universal welfare rights and provide generous entitlements and benegits
liberal welfare states
-primary aim: strengthen the economy
