Final Exam Prep Flashcards
Arousal levels
-Coma
-Stupor
-Obtunded
-Lethargic
-Alert
-Hyperalert
What is alert?
Patient is awake and attentive to normal levels of stimulation
What is lethargic?
Patient is drowsy and may fall asleep without stimulation and has difficulty concentrating and focusing
What is obtunded?
Patient is difficult to arouse from a sleeping state and is confused when awake. Interactions with providers are largely unproductive
What is coma?
Patient is unable to arouse by any type of stimulation
What is hyperalert?
Patient is anxious, sympathetic nervous system in overdrive
Alert and oriented
- Name
- Where they are
- The date/day
- The “event” a.k.a. why they are there
What are two common formal cognitive screens?
-Mini mental state exam (MMSE)
-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
Which formal cognitive assessment takes education level into account?
MoCA
What is considered “good” posture?
A state of muscular and skeletal balance which protects the supporting structures of the body against injury
What is the plumb line of Kendall?
All of these points should be in one line for posture
-Tragus of ear
-Head of humerus
-Lumbar vertebrae
-Greater trochanter of femur
-Anterior to the middle of the knee
-Anterior to lateral malleolus
-Calcaneocuboid joint
What should the joints be during optimal posture?
-Not at end range
-Loose pack
-Neutral
What should the muscles be during optimal posture?
Balanced!
What muscles are tight and which are weak in upper crossed syndrome?
-Tight muscles are upper traps, levator scapula, and pectorals
-Weak muscles are deep neck flexors, rhomboids, and serratus anterior
What muscles are tight and which are weak in lower crossed syndrome?
-Tight muscles are erector spinae and iliiopsoas
-Weak muscles are abdominals and gluteus maximus
What defines and influences posture?
-Bony structure
-Habits
-Strength
-Mood
-Ranges and limits of muscles, fascia, joints, and neural tissue
-Pain
What is forward head?
Increased cervical lordosis
What is rounding of thoracic spine?
Increased thoracic kyphosis
What is flat thoracic spine?
Decreased thoracic kyphosis
What is sway back?
Increased lumbar lordosis
What is knee hyperextension called?
Genu recurvatum
What causes flat foot/dropping arches?
Over pronation
What causes high arches?
Over supination
When someone has scoliosis, which muscles are lengthened and which are shortened?
-Muscles on the concave side of the curve are shortened
-Muscles on the convex side are lengthened