Final Exam Prep Flashcards
NFPA 1500 (344/358)
Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program
LC50 (109)
- Concentration of an inhaled substance that results in the death of 50 percent of the test population.
- expressed in ppm, mg/liter or mg/m3 (the lower the value the more toxic the substance)
LD50 (109)
- concentration of an ingested substance that results in the death of 50 percent of the test population
- oral or dermal exposure
- expressed in mg/kg (the lower the value the more toxic the substance)
broken down in 17 paragraphs and addresses subjects such as medical monitoring and health and safety plans (17)
HAZWOPER OSHA 29CFR1910.120
The united states federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work related injury and illness. (379)
NIOSH (National Occupational Institutes for Occupational safety and Health
The purpose of this section is to ensure that the hazards of all chemicals produced or imported are classified and that information concerning the classified hazards is transmitted to employers and employees. (17)
OSHA
Standard for professional competence of responders to haz mat/WMD incidents (17)
NFPA 472
Standard for haz mat/WMD emergency response personnel professional qualifications (17)
NFPA 1072
LEPC (233)
- Local Emergency Planning Committee
- another potential source of information for chemical documentation for facilities
primarily assigned for use at transportation incidents involving hazardous materials (226)
Emergency Response Guidebook
detailed information bulletin prepared by a chemical manufacturer or importer that provides specific information about the product (38/231)
Safety Data Sheets
system of software applications that helps emergency responders develop safety response plans (234)
Cameo
Cameo’s atmospheric dispersion modeling program used for evaluation the release of hazardous chemical vapors (234)
Aloha
electronic resource that may be downloaded free of charge that brings a wide range of information to the hazmat responder (236)
Wiser
Supplies 24 hour a day information for incidents involving hazardous materials (142)
Chemtrec
electronic device that indicates the presence and explosive levels of combustible gases (172)
CGI Combustible Gas Indicator
the time it takes for the meter to process the material it is looking for an relaying that information to a display, light or audible notification (handouts)
response time of meters
manufacturer provided number that can be used to convert a specific device’s readout to be applicable to another function (169)
Conversion or Correction Factors
calibration and bumping meters (139)
calibration=set of operations used to standardize or adjust the values of qualities indicated by ensuring instruments
bump=verifies the instruments calibration by exposing it to a known concentration of test gas
Viscosity (37)
the measure of the internal friction of a liquid at a given temperature.
-determines the ease at which product will flow
Odor threshold (37)
odor detection threshold is the lowest concentration of a certain odor compound that is perceivable by the human sense of smell
Flash Point (38)
lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid and will not support continuous burning
the measurement of the ability of a material to evaporate or change from a liquid to a vapor or gaseous state (40,41,45,480)
vapor pressure
ph scale (179)
- water has a ph of 7 (neutral) at center of scale
- 7 –>0 increasing acid (red)
- 7–>14 increasing base (blue)
the pressure necessary to liquify a gas at its critical temperature (44)
critical pressure
ability of a substance to vaporize easily at a relatively low temperature (38,580)
volatility
polymerization(74,75,576)
chemical reactions in which two or more molecules chemically combine to form larger molecules
-reaction can be violent
chemical reaction between two or more materials that changes the materials and produces heat (72,569,570)
Exothermic
chemical reaction in which a substance absorbs heat energy (72,569,570)
endothermic
substance that modifies (usually increases) the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process (74,567)
catalyst
Concentration (77)
- % (mass or volume) of a material dissolved in water or other solvent.
- quantity of a chemical material inhaled for purposes of measuring toxicity
- quantity of a material in relation to a larger volume of gas or liquid
2 or more liquids capability to mix together (79,574)
miscibility
property of some molecules to have discrete areas with negative and positive charges (41,49,576)
polarity
degree to which a solid, liquid or gas dissolves in a solvent (usually water) (78,578)
solubility
degree to which a solid, liquid or gas dissolves in a solvent (usually water) (78,578)
solubility
specific gravity
- substance less than 1 floats on water
- substance greater than 1 sinks in water
NFPA -Class 1 (Level A) suit is required for NFPA rating of _____ or higher
3
non-pressure tanks (309,573,576)
contents under low pressure (.5 psi)
pressure tanks (309,573,576)
contnets under pressure (.5 psi +)
-May be underground (pressure above 15 psi)
5 types of packaging for radiation containers for transport (strict regulations) (315)
1) excepted
2) Industrial
3) Type A
4) Type B
5) Type C
pipelines (306)
- =primarily carry liquid petroleum products, natural and manufactured gas.
- buried 30-36 inches below ground
- caution, warning and danger markers
similar to jerry cans; limited use, non bulk container used almost exclusively for hazardous materials. Plastic, glass, or steel. Narrow neck contain 6-16 gallons (251)
Carboys
not classified by DOT, individual steel tubes, gas under pressure (279)
Tube trailers
signs of damaged cargo tank. weak points must be stabilized or offloaded. damaged welds are critical if the crack extends to the container itself (490)
Scores/Cracks/Dents
patching types (499)
breach in container too large to be plugged. slow the leak to develop a plan (e.g. box patch, hook bolts, pipe patches)
chlorine kits (499)
- A-kit: compressed gas cylinders (100-150 lbs)
- B-Kit: ton containers
reduces the risk of static electricity to an operation (506,537)
grounding and Bonding
come inner ring, may have bung leaks, chime leaks, sidewall punctures, overpacking is an option(513)
Drums
Damaged drum placed inside another container (514)
Overpacking
sliding a drum on its side into an overpack drum (515)
Slide-In method
rapid chilling of a liquified compressed gas as it transitions from a liquid state to a vapor state (41,508)
auto-refrigeration
concise report that details and analyzes incident operations, lessons learned and recommendations (554)
After Action Report
fixed tanks and facilities (309-311)
identifying the type of hazardous material present can be difficult (preplanned)
DOT Bulk Packaging (notes)
- 119 gallons+ (liquid)
- 800 pounds + (solid)
- water capacity greater than 1000 lbs (gas)
DOT Bulk Packaging (notes)
- 119 gallons+ (liquid)
- 800 pounds + (solid)
- water capacity greater than 1000 lbs (gas)
established set of chemical protective PPE ensembles (390)
EPA
CPC maintenance, testing, and record keeping
OSHA
requirements for a minimum level of protection for responses personnel facing exposure to specified chemicals (398)
NFPA 1991
process in which a chemical passes through a protective material on a molecular level (391)
Permeation
process hazardous materials enters an opening or puncture in a protective material (391)
penetration
strength, toughness and ability to resist (391)
Resistance
material is altered through contact, use or wear (391)
degradation
donning and doffing (424,430)
performed in the cold zone, can be time consuming (2 assistants per 1 responder), must be done with care
penetration of one substance into the structure of another, such as the process of picking up a liquid containment with an absorbent. can be wiped off (442,565)
absorption
adherence of a substance in a liquid or gas to a solid. this process occurs on the surface of the ______ material (442,565)
adsorbent
an agent applied to a liquid spill combines with the liquid either chemically or physically to form a solid (447,453)
solidification
can be expanded or contracts based on the needs of the incident. includes the hot zone, contamination reduction zone, and clean zone (461)
decon corridor station
in some cases may only be destroyed by sterilization (467)
decon of infectious agents
designed and manufactured to store super-cooled materials (-130F). Must be able to accommodate the material as both a liquid and gas (eg dewar) (276)
cryogenic cylinder
intermediate bulk containers (297)
totes transport a wide variety of materials and can be wither rigid or flexible. designed for mechanical handling
typically stored on their sides, ends are convex or concave, and have 2 valves with one to the vapor and one to the liquid (258)
Ton containers (multi-unit tank car)
Highway cargo tank specifications plates (261)
- permanently attached left side of vehicle,
- DOT required: manufacturer, date, weight, pressure and temperature
bills of lading required to accompany product in transit regardless of means of transportation (product identification) (232)
shipping papers
motor carrier and DOT highway transport tanks (265,281)
government specification establish minimum tank construction material thicknesses and safety features. 3 digit number identify specifications
shutoffs for non pressurized tanks (263)
usually manually activated and located at the drivers front and passenger rear of tank
Intermodal tanks (box or beam) (299)
frame-like structure, transferred between modes of transportation. T-codes are identification records.
UN Hazard Classes:
Every Good Fire Fighter Ought To Request Cash Money (325)
- Explosives
- Gases
- Flammable liquids
- flammable solids
- oxidizers
- toxic substances
- radioactive material
- corrosives
- miscellaneous hazardous material
NFPA 704 diamond (229)
- low to high /1-4
- Blue=health
- red=flammability
- yellow=reactivity
- white=special hazard
transportation papers (266,283,292,306)
- over the road= bill of lading
- railway= constance
- ship= dangerous cargo manifest
- white= special hazard
direct action on the material, container or process equipment (334)
offensive operations
confine the emergency to a given area without directly contacting the hazardous material (334)
defensive operations
planned and systematic removal of contaminants from personnel and or equipment ; chemical or physical methods to thoroughly remove or neutralize contaminants (446)
technical decon
potentially hazardous area immediately surrounding the incident site; requires appropriate protective clothing and equipment and other safety precautions for entry (567,571,580)
hot zone
area between the hot zone and cold zones that usually contains the decontamination corridor typically requires lesser degree of personnel protective equipment. also known as the _____________.(567,571,580)
warm zone
-contamination reduction zone/corridor
safe area outside of the warm zone where equipment and personnel are not expected to become contaminated and special protective clothing is not required. also known as _____.
(567,571,580)
cold zone
-support zone
a response to known or unknown chemicals or products that will trigger a same action (143)
action level
Tactical priorities (LIPS) (330)
- Life safety
- Incident stabilization
- property conservation
- societal restoration
two in/two out rule (345)
OSHA rule (buddy system) The minimum number of personnel necessary for performing tasks in the hazardous area is 4 (2 working in the area itself and 2 standing by as a backup)
safety officer (358)
per NFPA 472 a safety officer must be a trained technician, certified to the level of the incident response
research (217)
precise info regarding the product involved, the container involved, and the environment in which incidents occurring. research specialist must obtain, organize and disseminate info to hazard sector in the incident command structure
medical monitoring (370,366)
medical evaluation and monitoring of personnel operating at the site, treatment of personnel exposed to products at the incident, triage as necessary, and maintenance of medical records for both responders and victims. Effective medical monitoring will help keep personnel safe on a emergency scene and may also prevent many illnesses and injuries
debriefing (550,552)
gathers info from all personnel who were involved in incident operations. To be effective, a debriefing should start as soon as the incident’s emergency phase has concluded
Critique (340,352,550)
a post incident critique is a more formal means of evaluating all the events that took place during the incident. It should concentrate on all of the incident successes, failures and needed improvements that can be made to ensure future success.
Unified command (326,355)
where multiple agencies and or jurisdictions are expected to work together in a structure, is the most efficient and safest means of operation
priorities on hazmat calls (323)
risk based response/risk management plan
assessment of a facility or location made before an emergency occurs in order to prepare for an appropriate emergency response (preplanned) (330)
pre-incident survey
diking, damning diverting and retaining are ways to confine a hazardous material. controlling the flow of liquid hazmat away from point of release (338)
confinement
the goal of leak control is to stop or limit the escape or to contain the release either in its original container or by transferring it to a new container (338)
containment
number of personnel needed for entry/backup (345)
2 in/2out +2 backup
a vital record that should be completed by decon leader or hazmat safety officer. it is a legal requirement to retain medical records (30 years) (365)
Exposure record
Physical states of matter (29-34)
- solid, liquid, gas
- an increase in temp or pressure or elevation causes changes in their physical state
properties of states of matter (35-38)
solid=def shape and size
liquid=incompressible substance with a constant volume that assumes shape of container
gas=compressible substance, with no specific volume, that tends to assume the shape of the container
dry or without water (34-38)
anhydrous
elements and materials that absorb water (34-38)
hydrophilic
elements that repel water (34-38)
hydrophobic
vaporization of a material from a solid to vapor state without passing through the liquid state (43,578)
sublimation
flammable range (38,570)
range between the upper flammable limit and the lower flammable limit in which a substance can be ignited
LEL (34,407,573,579)
(of vapor or gas)
is the lowest concentration of a material in air that will ignite when an ignition source is present
UEL (34,407,573,579)
(of vapor or gas)
is the highest concentration of a material in air that will ignite when an ignition source is present
Atomic number (50,565)
number of protons in an atom
subatomic particle with a physical mass and a positive electric charge (49-50)
protons
component of the nucleus of an atom that has a neutral electric charge yet produces highly penetrating radiation(49-50)
neutrons
subatomic particle with a physical mass and a negative electric charge (49-50)
electrons
a tool for organizing and displaying the elements in a way that provides some basic information about their characteristics (56)
periodic table of the elements
group 7 elements that are highly reactive and toxic. they are non flammable but are powerful oxidizers that support combustion (62)
halogens
group 1 metals that are highly reactive (61)
alkali metals
group 8 elements that are inert gases, nonreactive, but simple asphyxiants (64)
noble gases
substances consisting of 2 or more elements that have been united chemically (567,574)
compound
cannot be broken down into anything simpler without getting into subatomic structure (567,574)
elements
substance containing 2 or more materials not chemically united (567,574)
mixture
stability of elements (65)
atomic stability is achieved when elements have a completely filled outer shell (duet and octet rule)
formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal element (66,67,568,573)
ionic bonds
formed between two or more nonmetal elements
66,67,568,573
covalent bonds
organic compound containing only hydrogen and carbon and found primarily in petroleum products and coal (83,84,572)
hydrocarbon
a hydrocarbon with bonds that form rings (84,85,565)
aromatic
an unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbon atoms
(84,85,565)
alkenes
an unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least 1 triple bond
84,85,565
alkynes
any material that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate combustion of combustible materials (39,72,575)
oxidizer
substance that has the property of being poisonous (106,107,579,580)
toxins
simplest type of microorganism that can only replicate itself in the living cells of its host (106,107,579,580)
virus
a class of toxic chemical that works by disruption the way nerves transfer messages to organs (100-103,574)
nerve agents
chemical warfare agent that burns and blisters the skin or any other part of the body it contacts (103,566)
blister agent
chemical warfare agent that attacks the lungs causing tissue damage (104,567)
choking agent
a spore forming bacterium that causes serious illness or death (106,468)
anthrax
radiation types (96,97,314)
energy from a radioactive source emitted in the form of waves and particles as a result of the decay of anatomic nucleus. alpha, betta, gamma, neutron
the time required for a radioactive material to reduce to half of its initial value (98,571)
half-life
suspension formed by a quantity of granulated or powdered solid material that is not completely soluble mixed into a liquid (56,578)
slurry
blood agent (104)
chemical asphyxiant that interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen either by preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen to other cells in the body or by inhibiting the ability of cells to use oxygen for producing the energy required for metabolism
routes of exposure to the body (161,162,565)
inhalation
ingestion
absorption
injection
acute vs chronic exposure (163,565,56760
acute= characterized by sharpness and severity, having rapid onset and relatively short duration
chronic=marked by long duration, recurring over a period of time
parts per million (108,575)
methods of expressing the concentration of very dilute solutions of one substance in another, normally liquid or gas, based on volume; expressed as a ratio of the volume of contaminants compared to the volume of air
IDLH (164,572)
Immediate dangerous to life and health
description any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or produces immediate irreversible debilitating effects on health; represent concentration above which respiratory protection should be required (30 min max exposure)
TLV (165,168)
Threshold limit value
an occupational exposure value recommended by ACGIH to which it is nearly believed all workers can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without ill effects
PEL (165,168)
permissible exposure limit
a regulatory limit on the amount of concentration of a substance in the air. pens may also contain a skin designation. A pal is the maximum concentration to which the majority of healthy adults can be exposed over a 40 hour work week without suffering adverse effects.
the result of direct contact with a product and it occurs when a product adheres to or wets any kind of exposure (111,568,570)
contamination
said to occur when a toxic or infectious substance directly contacts the human body or is introduced into the body (111,568,570)
exposure
the time of exposure to a biological agent to the appearance of symptoms in an infected person. also known as latency (169)
incubation period
a type of fuel cell designed to produce a current that is precisely related to the amount of the target gas in the atmosphere (175)
electrochemical sensors
air monitoring (506)
active and passive meters
hazardous vapors and gases may interfere with proper operation of an instrument causing a false positive reading (142)
meter cross sensitivity
a space or area not intended for continuous occupation, having limited openings for entry or exit, providing unfavorable natural ventilation and the potential to have a toxic, explosive or oxygen deficient atmosphere (146)
confined space
normal air contents
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
small amounts of other gases such as carbon dioxide, neon and hydrogen
colormetric tubes (179)
consist of glass tube impregnated with an indicating chemical. the contaminant reacts with the indicator chemical in the tube, producing a change in color where the length of the color change in the tube is proportional to the contaminant concentration
CMS (179)
are closely related to colorimetric tubes but use chemical specific measuring chips with an electronic analyzer
Rad meter scintillator (168)
the scintillator is used with radiation detectors where the radiation interacts with a crystal such as sodium iodide, cesium iodide or zinc sulfide to produce a small flash of light. the electronics of the instrument amplify the light pulse thousands of times in order to produce a signal that can be processed
PID (186)
Photo Ionization detectors
Detects concentrations of flammable/combustible gases and vapors in the air by using an ultraviolet light source to ionize the airborne contaminant (10.6eV)
M8 and M9 (182)
eliminates specific hazards before the samples collected from the hazmat incident can be sent to a laboratory
chain of custody (148)
continuous changes of possession of physical evidence that must be established in court to admit such material into evidence. in order for physical evidence to be admissible in court, there must be an evidence log of accountability that documents each change of possession from the evidences discovery until its presented in court.
a special agent who is charged with developing relationships with federal, tribal, state and local communities (243)
FBI WMD coordinator
a special agent who is charged with developing relationships with federal, tribal, state and local communities (243)
FBI WMD coordinator
Types of respiratory protection (375)
- scba
- sar-supplied air respirator
- apr-air purifying respirator
- papr-powered air purifying respirator
CPC encapsulating vs non encapsulating (396)
encapsulating=1 piece garment (vapor-1991)
