Final Exam- Non Cumulative

Question 1

Describe the Milgram experiments…..

Answer 1

• showed that people are obedient
• happened in the 1960s
• 65% of participants went to max voltage
• not ethical

Question 2

Term for when we “return the favor”. If someone does something nice for me, I’ll do something nice for them. (can also be negative)

Answer 2

Reciprocity norm

Question 3

What do norms predict?

Answer 3

Behavior

Question 4

Why do norms predict behavior?

Answer 4

-internalization
- because of frequent activation the behaviors become system 1 and are easily activated
- promised reward for following norms (and threatened punishment)

Question 5

Loosening of normal behavior constraints. The group norms become dominant.

Answer 5

Deindividuation

Question 6

The dominant response is strengthened in the presence of others

Answer 6

Social Facilitation

Question 7

Why does social facilitation happen?

Answer 7

We are physically aroused in the presence of others and our awareness increases

Question 8

When an individual gives less effort in groups. As the number of people increases, individual effort decreases

Answer 8

Social Loafing

Question 9

People rely on each other in groups

Answer 9

Social Interdependance

Question 10

Dilemma where the best individual outcome is the worst for the group so everyone should compromise, but they rarely do.

Answer 10

Prisoners Dilemma

Question 11

Dilemma where shared resources function until someone gets greedy and takes too much and then the entire group suffers

Answer 11

Tragedy of the Commons

Question 12

Dilemma where there is a free service and an option to contribute, but the service can’t continue if no one chooses to contribute

Answer 12

Public Goods

Question 13

How social dilemmas can be overcome…

Answer 13

non anonymity
emphasis on personal responsibility

Question 14

Types of Aggression

Answer 14

1) Hostile
2) Instrumental

Question 15

Type of aggression characterized by hot, impulsive behavior. People act with the desire to hurt.

Answer 15

Hostile

Question 16

Type of aggression characterized by cold, premeditative behavior used as a means to an end (calculated, planned).

Answer 16

Instrumental

Question 17

Theory of aggression that says aggression is caused by frustration and negative feelings. The frustration causes anger which is directed towards the cause.

Answer 17

Frustration and Negative Emotions Theory

Question 18

Aggression comes from the release of hormones as a biological response to a stimulus (testosterone)

Answer 18

Biological Theory

Question 19

Aggression is learned by witnessing the responses of others. (If parents react with violence kids will too)

Answer 19

Social Learning Theory

Question 20

Influence on aggression:

Answer 20

-aversive incidents
-groups increase aggression
-culture of honor justifies aggression
-violent media increases aggression

Question 21

Relationship between media and aggression:

Answer 21

• 60% of media contains violence
  -the more violent programs kids watch, the more aggression they display (correlation not causation)

Question 22

How to reduce aggression:

Answer 22

• social learning: model non aggressive behavior by responding non aggressively to frustrating stimuli
  -not reinforcing aggressive behavior in kids
  -modeling empathy and empathetic responses

Question 23

Theory of helping that says we help because of evolutionary psychology. Instinct and genes are the strongest factors

Answer 23

Biological Theory

Question 24

Theory of helping that says human interactions are transactional. We act in a way that will maximize rewards and minimize costs

Answer 24

Social Exchange Theory

Question 25

Theory of helping that says we help primarily out of caring and concern for the well-being of others

Answer 25

Genuine Altruism Theory

Question 26

Theory of helping that says we help because of social norms like reciprocity or because of social responsibility to certain groups (children and the elderly). This theory is stronger in collectivistic cultures.

Answer 26

Social Norms Theory

Question 27

The three steps needed to help:

Answer 27

1) notice
2) interpret
3) assume responsibility

Question 28

barriers to helping

Answer 28

1) Notice: distraction, time constraints
2) Interpret: ambiguity, pluralistic ignorance
3) Assume Responsibility: bystander affect, big groups

Question 29

The incorrect belief that one’s personal attitudes are different form the majority causing one to go along with what they believe everyone else thinks

Answer 29

Pluralistic Ignorance

Question 30

The more people present, the less any one individual feel responsible

Answer 30

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 31

Factors that influence helping

Answer 31

• similarity
• exposure to helpful models
• religion
• mood
• social rules
• rural vs. urban setting
• religios differences

Question 32

How to increase helping:

Answer 32

• ask a specific person (takes away ambiguity)
  -model helping behaviors

Question 33

Issues with eyewitness testimonies:

Answer 33

-overconfidence caused by multiple retellings and misinformation effect

Question 34

When existing memories are changed by other information being introduced

Answer 34

Misinformation effect

Question 35

How to reduce eyewitness problems:

Answer 35

• treat memory like a crime scene
  -train interviews how to approach memory
  -frame the questions well
  -free recall is best when asking for testimonies

Question 36

Which population group receives longer sentences on average than other populations?

Answer 36

Black men

Question 37

How does judge mood affect sentencing?

Answer 37

judges grant parole 0% of the time when they are hungry (just before lunch) and 60% of the time when they aren’t

Question 38

Jury decision issues:

Answer 38

conformity, group polarization, minority influence

Question 39

Main influence on attraction

Answer 39

1) proximity
2) physical attractiveness
3) similarity
4) positive interaction

Question 40

Example of gender difference when evaluating partner attractiveness:

Answer 40

Attractiveness is important for both, but men drop standards for sexual relationships

Question 41

Theory of relationships that says we like those whose behavior is rewarding for us (cost benefit analysis)

Answer 41

Social Exchange Theory

Question 42

Satisfaction
Investment. –> Commitment –> Relationship Stability
Quality of
Alternatives

Answer 42

Commitment/Investment Model

Question 43

Theory of relationships that says people reward each other out of direct concern and to show caring

Answer 43

Communal Relationships

Question 44

Type of relationships that involve strong, frequent interdependence

Answer 44

Close Relationships

Question 45

Term that describes when your partner is incorporated into your own self-concept

Answer 45

Cognitive interdependence

Question 46

Attachment types

Answer 46

1) Secure (healthy)
2) Anxious-Ambivalent (unhealthy)
3) Avoidant (unhealthy)

Question 47

Views of self:

Answer 47

1) Secure (++)
2) Preoccupied (-+)
3) Fearful (–)
4) Dismissing (+-)

Question 48

System that is healthy for both the victim and offender after an offense

Answer 48

Interpersonal Forgiveness

Question 49

Mechanism of forgiveness

Answer 49

Offense > Guilt > Forgiveness Seeking Action