Final Exam- Non Cumulative Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

Describe the Milgram experiments…..

A
  • showed that people are obedient
  • happened in the 1960s
  • 65% of participants went to max voltage
  • not ethical
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2
Q

Term for when we “return the favor”. If someone does something nice for me, I’ll do something nice for them. (can also be negative)

A

Reciprocity norm

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3
Q

What do norms predict?

A

Behavior

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4
Q

Why do norms predict behavior?

A

-internalization
- because of frequent activation the behaviors become system 1 and are easily activated
- promised reward for following norms (and threatened punishment)

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5
Q

Loosening of normal behavior constraints. The group norms become dominant.

A

Deindividuation

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6
Q

The dominant response is strengthened in the presence of others

A

Social Facilitation

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7
Q

Why does social facilitation happen?

A

We are physically aroused in the presence of others and our awareness increases

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8
Q

When an individual gives less effort in groups. As the number of people increases, individual effort decreases

A

Social Loafing

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9
Q

People rely on each other in groups

A

Social Interdependance

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10
Q

Dilemma where the best individual outcome is the worst for the group so everyone should compromise, but they rarely do.

A

Prisoners Dilemma

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11
Q

Dilemma where shared resources function until someone gets greedy and takes too much and then the entire group suffers

A

Tragedy of the Commons

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12
Q

Dilemma where there is a free service and an option to contribute, but the service can’t continue if no one chooses to contribute

A

Public Goods

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13
Q

How social dilemmas can be overcome…

A

non anonymity
emphasis on personal responsibility

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14
Q

Types of Aggression

A

1) Hostile
2) Instrumental

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15
Q

Type of aggression characterized by hot, impulsive behavior. People act with the desire to hurt.

A

Hostile

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16
Q

Type of aggression characterized by cold, premeditative behavior used as a means to an end (calculated, planned).

A

Instrumental

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17
Q

Theory of aggression that says aggression is caused by frustration and negative feelings. The frustration causes anger which is directed towards the cause.

A

Frustration and Negative Emotions Theory

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18
Q

Aggression comes from the release of hormones as a biological response to a stimulus (testosterone)

A

Biological Theory

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19
Q

Aggression is learned by witnessing the responses of others. (If parents react with violence kids will too)

A

Social Learning Theory

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20
Q

Influence on aggression:

A

-aversive incidents
-groups increase aggression
-culture of honor justifies aggression
-violent media increases aggression

21
Q

Relationship between media and aggression:

A
  • 60% of media contains violence
    -the more violent programs kids watch, the more aggression they display (correlation not causation)
22
Q

How to reduce aggression:

A
  • social learning: model non aggressive behavior by responding non aggressively to frustrating stimuli
    -not reinforcing aggressive behavior in kids
    -modeling empathy and empathetic responses
23
Q

Theory of helping that says we help because of evolutionary psychology. Instinct and genes are the strongest factors

A

Biological Theory

24
Q

Theory of helping that says human interactions are transactional. We act in a way that will maximize rewards and minimize costs

A

Social Exchange Theory

25
Theory of helping that says we help primarily out of caring and concern for the well-being of others
Genuine Altruism Theory
26
Theory of helping that says we help because of social norms like reciprocity or because of social responsibility to certain groups (children and the elderly). This theory is stronger in collectivistic cultures.
Social Norms Theory
27
The three steps needed to help:
1) notice 2) interpret 3) assume responsibility
28
barriers to helping
1) Notice: distraction, time constraints 2) Interpret: ambiguity, pluralistic ignorance 3) Assume Responsibility: bystander affect, big groups
29
The incorrect belief that one's personal attitudes are different form the majority causing one to go along with what they believe everyone else thinks
Pluralistic Ignorance
30
The more people present, the less any one individual feel responsible
Diffusion of responsibility
31
Factors that influence helping
- similarity - exposure to helpful models - religion - mood - social rules - rural vs. urban setting - religios differences
32
How to increase helping:
- ask a specific person (takes away ambiguity) -model helping behaviors
33
Issues with eyewitness testimonies:
-overconfidence caused by multiple retellings and misinformation effect
34
When existing memories are changed by other information being introduced
Misinformation effect
35
How to reduce eyewitness problems:
- treat memory like a crime scene -train interviews how to approach memory -frame the questions well -free recall is best when asking for testimonies
36
Which population group receives longer sentences on average than other populations?
Black men
37
How does judge mood affect sentencing?
judges grant parole 0% of the time when they are hungry (just before lunch) and 60% of the time when they aren't
38
Jury decision issues:
conformity, group polarization, minority influence
39
Main influence on attraction
1) proximity 2) physical attractiveness 3) similarity 4) positive interaction
40
Example of gender difference when evaluating partner attractiveness:
Attractiveness is important for both, but men drop standards for sexual relationships
41
Theory of relationships that says we like those whose behavior is rewarding for us (cost benefit analysis)
Social Exchange Theory
42
Satisfaction Investment. --> Commitment --> Relationship Stability Quality of Alternatives
Commitment/Investment Model
43
Theory of relationships that says people reward each other out of direct concern and to show caring
Communal Relationships
44
Type of relationships that involve strong, frequent interdependence
Close Relationships
45
Term that describes when your partner is incorporated into your own self-concept
Cognitive interdependence
46
Attachment types
1) Secure (healthy) 2) Anxious-Ambivalent (unhealthy) 3) Avoidant (unhealthy)
47
Views of self:
1) Secure (++) 2) Preoccupied (-+) 3) Fearful (--) 4) Dismissing (+-)
48
System that is healthy for both the victim and offender after an offense
Interpersonal Forgiveness
49
Mechanism of forgiveness
Offense > Guilt > Forgiveness Seeking Action