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PSYC 310: Social Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Process of seeing oneself as a member of a social group

A

Self-Categorization

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2
Q

Motives for joining groups

A

Satisfying basic motivations such as the need for belonging and maintaining self-esteem

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3
Q

Types of situational cues:

A

Reminders
Presence of out-groups
Minority statues (gender, ethnic, ect.)

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4
Q

Optimal Distinctivness Theory

A

Individuals seek a balance between the need to belong and the need to be unique

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5
Q

We categorize (place people into groups), identify (associate ourselves within specific groups), and compare (contrast ourselves with the out-group) as we place ourselves in society.

A

Social Identity Theory

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6
Q

Foundation for intergroup bias

A

Prejudice

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7
Q

Perception of in-group members

A

Higher likability
Favoritism
Individualization (less stereotyping)

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8
Q

Term for giving in-group members the same “benefit of the doubt” we give ourselves

A

Ultimate Attribution Error

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9
Q

Reactions to Negative Identity

A

Dissociation
Disidentification (leave group)
Collective Action (change group)

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10
Q

Negative attitude toward a social group and it’s members

A

Prejudice

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11
Q

subtle forms of prejudice

A

modern racism
aversive racism

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12
Q

Modern Racism

A

bias occurs only when it is “justifiable”
is intentional
not outright due to social desirability

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13
Q

Aversie Racism

A

bias without intention
people value equality but still have negative feelings towards the out-group

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14
Q

Causes of Prejudice:

A

Cognitive, Emotional, Personality, Motivational, Societal

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15
Q

Stereotypes

A

representations or impressions of a group formed by associating characteristics and emotions with them (often inaccurate and overgeneralized)

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16
Q

Out-group homogeneity effect

A

We tend to see out-group members as more similar than in-group members

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17
Q

Sub-Typing

A

Accommodating individuals that break away from stereotypes by splitting off a sub-group

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18
Q

System 1 Functions

A

Categorization -> Activation
Out-Group -> Negative Traits Associated

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19
Q

System 2 Functions

A

Application
Endorse Stereotype (use) or Reject it

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20
Q

Why do we stereotype?

A

Superficiality vs. Depth
Conservatism (hold static view of the world)
Normative (helps us fit in with in-group)

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21
Q

Reactions to Bias

A

higher stress levels
more risk-taking behaviors

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22
Q

Stigma Consciousness

A

A person’s expectation of being victimized

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23
Q

Ways to reduce bias:

A

intergroup contact
recategorization (finding common in-groups)

24
Q

ABC’s of Attitude

A

Affect- emotional reaction
Behavior- intended actions
Cognition- thoughts and beliefs

25
Q

Which influence is stronger negative or positive?

A

Negative traits are more accessible

26
Q

Persuasion

A

process where a message causes a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

27
Q

Systematic Persuasion (Central)

A

uses clear, logical arguements

28
Q

Superficial Persuasion (Peripheral)

A

uses incidental cues without approaching the issue directly

29
Q

3 Major Persuasion Components

A

Communicator
Message
Audience

30
Q

Communicator Issues

A

trustworthiness
likability (attractiveness in synonymous often)
perceived expertise
talking speed- faster is better
similarity

31
Q

Message Issues

A

emotions (fear)
association
Primacy vs. Recency
Foot-in-the-door
Door-in-the-face

32
Q

Audience Issues

A

age- older is harder to persuade
forewarning
involvement
one-sided vs. two-sided argument
need for cognition (normally increases with education)

33
Q

Resisting Persuasion

A

Awareness
Reinforcing Commitment
Source Derogation
Attitude Inoculation

34
Q

Attitudes predict behavior when….

A

1)social influence is low
2)the attitude and behavior are specific
3)they are accessible and strong
4)they’re based on experience

35
Q

Behaviors predict attitude when…

A

1) doing becomes believing; as we take on a role we eventually adopt the associated attitudes
2)our attitudes are weak

36
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Inconsistency-> Aversive Arousal-> behavior change, justification, or attitude change
Attitude change happens when we can’t change the behavior or justify the action.

37
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

When we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them from out actions

38
Q

Over-Justification Effect

A

Placing extrinsic motivations on an activity we enjoy undermines are intrinsic motivations for doing it (we enjoy the activity less)

39
Q

Dissonance in the Brain

A

Reasoning areas of the brain show lower activity during dissonance

40
Q

Can Dissonance also prompt behavior change?

A

Yes

41
Q

What does Dissonance hinge on?

A

Aversive Arousal

42
Q

Group characteristics

A

structure
cohesion
goals

43
Q

Stages of Group membership

A

1) Investigation
2) Socialization
3) Maintenance
4) Resocialization
5) Remembrance

44
Q

Conformity

A

a change in belief/behavior to fit in with the group

45
Q

Compliance

A

conforming by publicly acting with the group even if you disagree

46
Q

Acceptance

A

conforming by acting with the group and believing the same things they do

47
Q

Informational Influence

A

we conform because we see others as a good source of information
-mastery motivation

48
Q

Normative Influence

A

we conform based on a desire to fit in with the group
- connectedness motivation

49
Q

Plateau in group size conformity

A

3-5 members

50
Q

Right-Wing Authoritarianism

A

Personality trait associated with prejudice; highly submissive to authority, high aggression, high adherence to perceived societal norms

51
Q

Social Dominance Orientation

A

Personality trait associated with prejudice; prefer rigid and strict hierarchies, anti-egalitarian attitudes, desire to maintain status differences between groups

52
Q

Group Polarization

A

Groups produce an enhancement of members preexisting tendencies

53
Q

Causes of Group Polarization:

A

Informational Influence
Normative Influence
Public Commitment

54
Q

Repeated Expression Effect

A

when we hear our arguments more often they are reinforced in our minds.

55
Q

Reactance

A

a motive to protect/restore one’s sense of freedom that occurs when someone threatens our freedom or independence

PSYC 310: Social Psych (3 decks)

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