Exam 2 Flashcards
Process of seeing oneself as a member of a social group
Self-Categorization
Motives for joining groups
Satisfying basic motivations such as the need for belonging and maintaining self-esteem
Types of situational cues:
Reminders
Presence of out-groups
Minority statues (gender, ethnic, ect.)
Optimal Distinctivness Theory
Individuals seek a balance between the need to belong and the need to be unique
We categorize (place people into groups), identify (associate ourselves within specific groups), and compare (contrast ourselves with the out-group) as we place ourselves in society.
Social Identity Theory
Foundation for intergroup bias
Prejudice
Perception of in-group members
Higher likability
Favoritism
Individualization (less stereotyping)
Term for giving in-group members the same “benefit of the doubt” we give ourselves
Ultimate Attribution Error
Reactions to Negative Identity
Dissociation
Disidentification (leave group)
Collective Action (change group)
Negative attitude toward a social group and it’s members
Prejudice
subtle forms of prejudice
modern racism
aversive racism
Modern Racism
bias occurs only when it is “justifiable”
is intentional
not outright due to social desirability
Aversie Racism
bias without intention
people value equality but still have negative feelings towards the out-group
Causes of Prejudice:
Cognitive, Emotional, Personality, Motivational, Societal
Stereotypes
representations or impressions of a group formed by associating characteristics and emotions with them (often inaccurate and overgeneralized)
Out-group homogeneity effect
We tend to see out-group members as more similar than in-group members
Sub-Typing
Accommodating individuals that break away from stereotypes by splitting off a sub-group
System 1 Functions
Categorization -> Activation
Out-Group -> Negative Traits Associated
System 2 Functions
Application
Endorse Stereotype (use) or Reject it
Why do we stereotype?
Superficiality vs. Depth
Conservatism (hold static view of the world)
Normative (helps us fit in with in-group)
Reactions to Bias
higher stress levels
more risk-taking behaviors
Stigma Consciousness
A person’s expectation of being victimized
Ways to reduce bias:
intergroup contact
recategorization (finding common in-groups)
ABC’s of Attitude
Affect- emotional reaction
Behavior- intended actions
Cognition- thoughts and beliefs
Which influence is stronger negative or positive?
Negative traits are more accessible
Persuasion
process where a message causes a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors
Systematic Persuasion (Central)
uses clear, logical arguements
Superficial Persuasion (Peripheral)
uses incidental cues without approaching the issue directly
3 Major Persuasion Components
Communicator
Message
Audience
Communicator Issues
trustworthiness
likability (attractiveness in synonymous often)
perceived expertise
talking speed- faster is better
similarity
Message Issues
emotions (fear)
association
Primacy vs. Recency
Foot-in-the-door
Door-in-the-face
Audience Issues
age- older is harder to persuade
forewarning
involvement
one-sided vs. two-sided argument
need for cognition (normally increases with education)
Resisting Persuasion
Awareness
Reinforcing Commitment
Source Derogation
Attitude Inoculation
Attitudes predict behavior when….
1)social influence is low
2)the attitude and behavior are specific
3)they are accessible and strong
4)they’re based on experience
Behaviors predict attitude when…
1) doing becomes believing; as we take on a role we eventually adopt the associated attitudes
2)our attitudes are weak
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Inconsistency-> Aversive Arousal-> behavior change, justification, or attitude change
Attitude change happens when we can’t change the behavior or justify the action.
Self-Perception Theory
When we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them from out actions
Over-Justification Effect
Placing extrinsic motivations on an activity we enjoy undermines are intrinsic motivations for doing it (we enjoy the activity less)
Dissonance in the Brain
Reasoning areas of the brain show lower activity during dissonance
Can Dissonance also prompt behavior change?
Yes
What does Dissonance hinge on?
Aversive Arousal
Group characteristics
structure
cohesion
goals
Stages of Group membership
1) Investigation
2) Socialization
3) Maintenance
4) Resocialization
5) Remembrance
Conformity
a change in belief/behavior to fit in with the group
Compliance
conforming by publicly acting with the group even if you disagree
Acceptance
conforming by acting with the group and believing the same things they do
Informational Influence
we conform because we see others as a good source of information
-mastery motivation
Normative Influence
we conform based on a desire to fit in with the group
- connectedness motivation
Plateau in group size conformity
3-5 members
Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Personality trait associated with prejudice; highly submissive to authority, high aggression, high adherence to perceived societal norms
Social Dominance Orientation
Personality trait associated with prejudice; prefer rigid and strict hierarchies, anti-egalitarian attitudes, desire to maintain status differences between groups
Group Polarization
Groups produce an enhancement of members preexisting tendencies
Causes of Group Polarization:
Informational Influence
Normative Influence
Public Commitment
Repeated Expression Effect
when we hear our arguments more often they are reinforced in our minds.
Reactance
a motive to protect/restore one’s sense of freedom that occurs when someone threatens our freedom or independence
