Final Exam (New) Flashcards
What is the fraction of animals that are exclusively marine?
1/3
What are soft-bodied animals that lack a rigid internal skeleton?
Invertabrates
What are chordates?
Animals with stiffened notochord transitional between invertebrates and vertabrates
What are animals with fully functional backbones and an internal skeleton?
Vertabrates
What organisms are suspension feeders and don’t have a circulatory or digestive system?
Sponges
What are collar cells?
Turn flagella to pump water inside of the sponge
What are some examples of invertabrates?
sponges, coral, jellyfish, anemones, worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms
What are some examples of chordates?
salps, sea squirts
What are cnidaria?
carnivorous animals capable of stinging
What are some examples of cnidaria?
jellyfish, anemones, and corals
What are the two forms of cnidaria?
Medusa (jellyfish) and Polyp (anemones)
What are the three types of worms?
Flat, Round, Segmented
What are the three types of mollusks?
gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods
What are gastropods?
snails, nudibranchs
What are bivalves?
clams, oysters, mussels
What are cephalopods?
octopus, squid - including the giant squid
What do mollusks have?
a muscular foot and shell
What is the most famous abyssal giant?
giant squid
What are some characteristics of arthropods?
exoskeleton, striated muscle, articulated movement
What are the most successful class of marine animals?
crustaceans
What are examples of ehinoderms?
sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
What do all echinoderms have/dont have?
5-section radial symmetry, have no eyes or brain
What are some characteristics of salps/tunicates?
suspension feeders, two body openings, lose notocord as they develop, solitary, free swimming/attached
What is the transitional animal to vertebrate fish?
amphioxus
What is the largest animal/built structures on Earth?
coral reefs
How long is the Great Barrier Reef?
2500 km long (1500 miles)
What is a choral reef made of?
coral animal skeletons
How fast does a coral reef grow?
1-10 cm/year
What percentage of U.S. fisheries depend on coral reefs?
50
What percentage of food is caught in coral reefs by developing countries?
25
No reefs form in sea water colder than what?
18C = 65F
What is the optimum temperature range?
23-25C = 74-77F
How do coral reefs affect pharmaceuticals?
new drugs to fight diseases have been developed from their organisms
Where are coral reefs located?
5-10 meters
What is the result of symbiosis in coral reefs?
Algae provides oxygen, coral provides CO2/fertilizer, can make big calcium carbonate structures
When does coral bleaching occur?
when algae leaves the coral
Why does bleaching occur?
Usually warm temperatures and holds for a week or so
What is the most common type of reef?
fringing
What reefs border shorelines?
Barrier reef
What reef project seaward directly from the shore?
fringing
What are atolls?
fringing reef forms around a volcanic island that sinks but the reef remains above the water
What are usually around when an atoll appears?
lagoon
What percentage of fish are caught in estuaries?
75%
What is better for fishing purposes, upwelling or downwelling?
upwelling
In 2011, how many people earned a living by fishing?
45 Million
What percent of animal protein consumed is from fish?
20%
How many species are represented in 35% of the world’s catch?
10
What are characteristics of viability on the fishing industry?
return on investment, safety, access to stocks
What are some resource management efforts regarding fishing?
sustainable yields, bycatch, impacts on habitat and ecology
What type of fishing method uses a weighted net that is dragged at mid-depth or along the bottom?
trawling
What is longline fishing?
line with 1000s of baited hooks
What is a purse seine?
a floating net that encircles schools of fish
What is bycatch?
excess fish that are not wanted but are caught anyway
What is the maximum sustainable yield?
the maximum amount that can be caught without impairing future stocks
What are some possible consequences of exceeding MSY?
more effort to catch smaller fish, degradation of marine environment, short-term/long-term collapse of commercial fishing
What are “trash” fish?
skates and dogfish
What fishery collapsed in 1900 and never recovered?
Georges Bank
What are some management challenges of Orange Roughy?
slow-growing, long-lived, small, unknown juvenile ecology, deep water fish
What is mariculture?
farming of marine organisms
What was the fish that caused Iceland and Britain to almost go to war?
Cod
What does EEZ stand for?
Exclusive Economic Zone
Where does fish farming occur?
estuaries, bays, nearshore environments
An EEZ is how many miles from the shore?
200 miles
What are some traits that all marine mammals share?
milk glands, live young, streamlined body, internal body heat regulation, adaptations to salt water
What are the three types of marine mammals?
Cetaceans, Carnivora (Pinnipedia), and Sirenia
What are some examples of Cetaceans?
Porpoises, Dolphins, Whales
What are some examples of Pinnipedia?
Seals, Sea lions, Walruses
What are some examples of Sirenia?
Manatees, Dugongs
What type of marine mammal lives half on land and half in ocean?
Carnivora
What are some adaptations to many marine animals?
Fat layer (blubber) and larger body size (to reduce heat loss)
What animal has smoothed head, webbed hind feet used like fins?
Seals
What animals have protruding ears, front flippers, hind limbs with greater range of motion?
Sea lions
Where is the oxygen stored for marine mammals?
blood and body tissues
What is the range of a marine mammals heart rate?
drop from 100 beats/min to 10 beats/min
What are the prey of porpoises and dolphins?
small squids or fish
What are the prey of killer whales?
fish, penguins, seals, sea lions, porpoises
What do toothed whales use to hunt?
echolocation
What are some characteristics of baleen whales?
sheets of closely-spaced parallel plates, large, diet of plankton, enormous heads, fused neck, pleats in the throat
What are the three feeding strategies of baleen whales?
sieve, lunging, scooping
What do sieving whales have?
large mouths, long baleen fringes
What do lunging whales have?
smaller mouths (open wide), pleats in throat
What is the temperature of a feeding ground for whales?
cold
What is the temperature for wintering grounds for whales?
warm
Why does breaching happen?
maybe to establish dominance
Why were whales hunted?
oil, blubber, baleen, tooth ivory
What does the Marine Mammal Protection act ban?
hunting whales in U.S. territories
What are the two international marine sanctuaries for whales?
Indian ocean and antarctic circumpolar current
What 3 countries still engage in commercial whaling?
japan, iceland and norway
What are the three things that influence Global Atmospheric Circulation?
Uneven solar heating, Rotation of the Earth (Coriolis), Land/sea temperature contrasts
What affects the solar energy received in the hemispheres and produces seasons?
the tilt of the Earth’s axis
How is heat transported by the atmosphere?
Convection currents
Climate is driven by what?
energy from the sun
What is the heat capacity of granite?
0.20
What is the heat capacity of dry air?
0.24
What is heat capacity?
How much energy do you have to put into 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius
What is thermal inertia?
water absorbs or releases lots of heat with little change of temperature
What is the heat capacity of pure water?
1.00
On the east coast, water does what?
brings warm air up
On the west coast, water does what?
pushes cold air down
How wide and how tall could a hurricane get?
5 miles tall and 400 miles wide
What causes hurricanes?
Low pressure systems, warm areas (at least 80 degrees F), converging winds (weak)
What are hot towers?
upward moving warm, moist air at the base of the stratosphere
Which part of a hurricane is quiet?
eye
In the eye wall of a hurricane, how fast are winds moving?
150 miles/hr
In a low pressure system, what way does it spin?
to the left
Hurricanes occur when?
after summer solstice where the ocean influences climate
External mechanisms of climate forcing include
orbital cycles of the Earth as it travels around the Sun; solar cycles of heat and energy output from the Sun
Internal mechanisms of climate forcing include
volcanic eruptions, methane gas releases, El Nino
The cooling effect of polar ice on the Earth’s poles
a. is caused by the reflectance of incoming heat off the ice back into space
b. could be removed if the ocean warms enough to melt the ice
c. is important in adjusting the ocean’s heat budget
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Most of the fish caught worldwide are caught in?
estuaries and upwelling zones
What do greenhouse gasses do?
they trap heat, causing higher surface temperatures
What is the most abundant greenhouse gas? What others are important?
Water, then CO2, then Methane
Without the greenhouse effect, what would be the Earth’s temperature?
-18C (0F)
Before industrialization, what was the average surface temperature?
16C (61F)
What are some natural sources of greenhouse gases?
volcanic activity, burning/decay of organic matter, respiration
What is methane produced from?
rice farming, ranching, dairy farms
When C02 is released, what is it called?
emission
When CO2 is accumulated in the atmosphere, what is it called?
concentration
What are some causes of internal forcing?
variations in atmospheric and ocean circulation; volcanic eruptions (cooling) or methane release (warming)
What are the time scales of earth’s orbit around the sun?
20,000-100,000 years
In an El Nino year, what type of sea surface temperatures are there?
warmer
In a La Nina year, what type of sea surface temperatures are there?
cooler
What are some characteristics of a normal year in the eastern equatorial pacific?
trade winds blow to the west, cold upwelled water off of South America, wet in the western Pacific
What are some characteristics of an El Nino year in the eastern equatorial pacific?
trade winds weaken/reverse, warm water flows east, strong thunderstorms in the central/eastern tropical pacific, drought in the western pacific
What is the range of global impact from an El Nino/La Nina year?
9 months to 2 years
How often do El Nino/La Nina’s happen?
3-5 years
What are some examples of how scientists can monitor past climate change?
chemical composition of coral skeletons, air bubbles trapped in polar ice caps
What is the current CO2 emissions in North America?
5 metric tons
What are some marine energy resources?
tidal energy, thermal energy, motion/heat of ocean water
What are some physical energy resources?
petroleum, natural gas, biofuels from algae
What are some renewable resources?
biofuels, tide, wind, solar, thermal energy
What are some nonrenewable resources?
petroleum, gas, methane
Offshore Wind Farms produce what percentage of electricity demand?
12%
What are used to capture energy under water?
Tidal Current Turbines
By 2030, what is our perspective goal to convert wave, tidal, and hydroelectric dams to energy from renewable resources?
18% production
Where will receive the greatest impact in the future involving energy from the ocean?
Coastal Areas (offshore)
What limits coral reef distribution?
temperature and water depth
A seasonal wind feature in the Indian ocean is called what?
Monsoon
