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Oceanography > Final Exam (New) > Flashcards

Final Exam (New) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fraction of animals that are exclusively marine?

A

1/3

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2
Q

What are soft-bodied animals that lack a rigid internal skeleton?

A

Invertabrates

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3
Q

What are chordates?

A

Animals with stiffened notochord transitional between invertebrates and vertabrates

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4
Q

What are animals with fully functional backbones and an internal skeleton?

A

Vertabrates

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5
Q

What organisms are suspension feeders and don’t have a circulatory or digestive system?

A

Sponges

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6
Q

What are collar cells?

A

Turn flagella to pump water inside of the sponge

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7
Q

What are some examples of invertabrates?

A

sponges, coral, jellyfish, anemones, worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms

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8
Q

What are some examples of chordates?

A

salps, sea squirts

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9
Q

What are cnidaria?

A

carnivorous animals capable of stinging

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10
Q

What are some examples of cnidaria?

A

jellyfish, anemones, and corals

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11
Q

What are the two forms of cnidaria?

A

Medusa (jellyfish) and Polyp (anemones)

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12
Q

What are the three types of worms?

A

Flat, Round, Segmented

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13
Q

What are the three types of mollusks?

A

gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods

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14
Q

What are gastropods?

A

snails, nudibranchs

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15
Q

What are bivalves?

A

clams, oysters, mussels

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16
Q

What are cephalopods?

A

octopus, squid - including the giant squid

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17
Q

What do mollusks have?

A

a muscular foot and shell

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18
Q

What is the most famous abyssal giant?

A

giant squid

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19
Q

What are some characteristics of arthropods?

A

exoskeleton, striated muscle, articulated movement

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20
Q

What are the most successful class of marine animals?

A

crustaceans

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21
Q

What are examples of ehinoderms?

A

sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

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22
Q

What do all echinoderms have/dont have?

A

5-section radial symmetry, have no eyes or brain

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of salps/tunicates?

A

suspension feeders, two body openings, lose notocord as they develop, solitary, free swimming/attached

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24
Q

What is the transitional animal to vertebrate fish?

A

amphioxus

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25
Q

What is the largest animal/built structures on Earth?

A

coral reefs

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26
Q

How long is the Great Barrier Reef?

A

2500 km long (1500 miles)

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27
Q

What is a choral reef made of?

A

coral animal skeletons

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28
Q

How fast does a coral reef grow?

A

1-10 cm/year

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29
Q

What percentage of U.S. fisheries depend on coral reefs?

A

50

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30
Q

What percentage of food is caught in coral reefs by developing countries?

A

25

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31
Q

No reefs form in sea water colder than what?

A

18C = 65F

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32
Q

What is the optimum temperature range?

A

23-25C = 74-77F

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33
Q

How do coral reefs affect pharmaceuticals?

A

new drugs to fight diseases have been developed from their organisms

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34
Q

Where are coral reefs located?

A

5-10 meters

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35
Q

What is the result of symbiosis in coral reefs?

A

Algae provides oxygen, coral provides CO2/fertilizer, can make big calcium carbonate structures

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36
Q

When does coral bleaching occur?

A

when algae leaves the coral

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37
Q

Why does bleaching occur?

A

Usually warm temperatures and holds for a week or so

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38
Q

What is the most common type of reef?

A

fringing

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39
Q

What reefs border shorelines?

A

Barrier reef

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40
Q

What reef project seaward directly from the shore?

A

fringing

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41
Q

What are atolls?

A

fringing reef forms around a volcanic island that sinks but the reef remains above the water

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42
Q

What are usually around when an atoll appears?

A

lagoon

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43
Q

What percentage of fish are caught in estuaries?

A

75%

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44
Q

What is better for fishing purposes, upwelling or downwelling?

A

upwelling

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45
Q

In 2011, how many people earned a living by fishing?

A

45 Million

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46
Q

What percent of animal protein consumed is from fish?

A

20%

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47
Q

How many species are represented in 35% of the world’s catch?

A

10

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48
Q

What are characteristics of viability on the fishing industry?

A

return on investment, safety, access to stocks

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49
Q

What are some resource management efforts regarding fishing?

A

sustainable yields, bycatch, impacts on habitat and ecology

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50
Q

What type of fishing method uses a weighted net that is dragged at mid-depth or along the bottom?

A

trawling

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51
Q

What is longline fishing?

A

line with 1000s of baited hooks

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52
Q

What is a purse seine?

A

a floating net that encircles schools of fish

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53
Q

What is bycatch?

A

excess fish that are not wanted but are caught anyway

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54
Q

What is the maximum sustainable yield?

A

the maximum amount that can be caught without impairing future stocks

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55
Q

What are some possible consequences of exceeding MSY?

A

more effort to catch smaller fish, degradation of marine environment, short-term/long-term collapse of commercial fishing

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56
Q

What are “trash” fish?

A

skates and dogfish

57
Q

What fishery collapsed in 1900 and never recovered?

A

Georges Bank

58
Q

What are some management challenges of Orange Roughy?

A

slow-growing, long-lived, small, unknown juvenile ecology, deep water fish

59
Q

What is mariculture?

A

farming of marine organisms

60
Q

What was the fish that caused Iceland and Britain to almost go to war?

A

Cod

61
Q

What does EEZ stand for?

A

Exclusive Economic Zone

62
Q

Where does fish farming occur?

A

estuaries, bays, nearshore environments

63
Q

An EEZ is how many miles from the shore?

A

200 miles

64
Q

What are some traits that all marine mammals share?

A

milk glands, live young, streamlined body, internal body heat regulation, adaptations to salt water

65
Q

What are the three types of marine mammals?

A

Cetaceans, Carnivora (Pinnipedia), and Sirenia

66
Q

What are some examples of Cetaceans?

A

Porpoises, Dolphins, Whales

67
Q

What are some examples of Pinnipedia?

A

Seals, Sea lions, Walruses

68
Q

What are some examples of Sirenia?

A

Manatees, Dugongs

69
Q

What type of marine mammal lives half on land and half in ocean?

A

Carnivora

70
Q

What are some adaptations to many marine animals?

A

Fat layer (blubber) and larger body size (to reduce heat loss)

71
Q

What animal has smoothed head, webbed hind feet used like fins?

A

Seals

72
Q

What animals have protruding ears, front flippers, hind limbs with greater range of motion?

A

Sea lions

73
Q

Where is the oxygen stored for marine mammals?

A

blood and body tissues

74
Q

What is the range of a marine mammals heart rate?

A

drop from 100 beats/min to 10 beats/min

75
Q

What are the prey of porpoises and dolphins?

A

small squids or fish

76
Q

What are the prey of killer whales?

A

fish, penguins, seals, sea lions, porpoises

77
Q

What do toothed whales use to hunt?

A

echolocation

78
Q

What are some characteristics of baleen whales?

A

sheets of closely-spaced parallel plates, large, diet of plankton, enormous heads, fused neck, pleats in the throat

79
Q

What are the three feeding strategies of baleen whales?

A

sieve, lunging, scooping

80
Q

What do sieving whales have?

A

large mouths, long baleen fringes

81
Q

What do lunging whales have?

A

smaller mouths (open wide), pleats in throat

82
Q

What is the temperature of a feeding ground for whales?

A

cold

83
Q

What is the temperature for wintering grounds for whales?

A

warm

84
Q

Why does breaching happen?

A

maybe to establish dominance

85
Q

Why were whales hunted?

A

oil, blubber, baleen, tooth ivory

86
Q

What does the Marine Mammal Protection act ban?

A

hunting whales in U.S. territories

87
Q

What are the two international marine sanctuaries for whales?

A

Indian ocean and antarctic circumpolar current

88
Q

What 3 countries still engage in commercial whaling?

A

japan, iceland and norway

89
Q

What are the three things that influence Global Atmospheric Circulation?

A

Uneven solar heating, Rotation of the Earth (Coriolis), Land/sea temperature contrasts

90
Q

What affects the solar energy received in the hemispheres and produces seasons?

A

the tilt of the Earth’s axis

91
Q

How is heat transported by the atmosphere?

A

Convection currents

92
Q

Climate is driven by what?

A

energy from the sun

93
Q

What is the heat capacity of granite?

A

0.20

94
Q

What is the heat capacity of dry air?

A

0.24

95
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

How much energy do you have to put into 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius

96
Q

What is thermal inertia?

A

water absorbs or releases lots of heat with little change of temperature

97
Q

What is the heat capacity of pure water?

A

1.00

98
Q

On the east coast, water does what?

A

brings warm air up

99
Q

On the west coast, water does what?

A

pushes cold air down

100
Q

How wide and how tall could a hurricane get?

A

5 miles tall and 400 miles wide

101
Q

What causes hurricanes?

A

Low pressure systems, warm areas (at least 80 degrees F), converging winds (weak)

102
Q

What are hot towers?

A

upward moving warm, moist air at the base of the stratosphere

103
Q

Which part of a hurricane is quiet?

A

eye

104
Q

In the eye wall of a hurricane, how fast are winds moving?

A

150 miles/hr

105
Q

In a low pressure system, what way does it spin?

A

to the left

106
Q

Hurricanes occur when?

A

after summer solstice where the ocean influences climate

107
Q

External mechanisms of climate forcing include

A

orbital cycles of the Earth as it travels around the Sun; solar cycles of heat and energy output from the Sun

108
Q

Internal mechanisms of climate forcing include

A

volcanic eruptions, methane gas releases, El Nino

109
Q

The cooling effect of polar ice on the Earth’s poles

a. is caused by the reflectance of incoming heat off the ice back into space
b. could be removed if the ocean warms enough to melt the ice
c. is important in adjusting the ocean’s heat budget
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

110
Q

Most of the fish caught worldwide are caught in?

A

estuaries and upwelling zones

111
Q

What do greenhouse gasses do?

A

they trap heat, causing higher surface temperatures

112
Q

What is the most abundant greenhouse gas? What others are important?

A

Water, then CO2, then Methane

113
Q

Without the greenhouse effect, what would be the Earth’s temperature?

A

-18C (0F)

114
Q

Before industrialization, what was the average surface temperature?

A

16C (61F)

115
Q

What are some natural sources of greenhouse gases?

A

volcanic activity, burning/decay of organic matter, respiration

116
Q

What is methane produced from?

A

rice farming, ranching, dairy farms

117
Q

When C02 is released, what is it called?

A

emission

118
Q

When CO2 is accumulated in the atmosphere, what is it called?

A

concentration

119
Q

What are some causes of internal forcing?

A

variations in atmospheric and ocean circulation; volcanic eruptions (cooling) or methane release (warming)

120
Q

What are the time scales of earth’s orbit around the sun?

A

20,000-100,000 years

121
Q

In an El Nino year, what type of sea surface temperatures are there?

A

warmer

122
Q

In a La Nina year, what type of sea surface temperatures are there?

A

cooler

123
Q

What are some characteristics of a normal year in the eastern equatorial pacific?

A

trade winds blow to the west, cold upwelled water off of South America, wet in the western Pacific

124
Q

What are some characteristics of an El Nino year in the eastern equatorial pacific?

A

trade winds weaken/reverse, warm water flows east, strong thunderstorms in the central/eastern tropical pacific, drought in the western pacific

125
Q

What is the range of global impact from an El Nino/La Nina year?

A

9 months to 2 years

126
Q

How often do El Nino/La Nina’s happen?

A

3-5 years

127
Q

What are some examples of how scientists can monitor past climate change?

A

chemical composition of coral skeletons, air bubbles trapped in polar ice caps

128
Q

What is the current CO2 emissions in North America?

A

5 metric tons

129
Q

What are some marine energy resources?

A

tidal energy, thermal energy, motion/heat of ocean water

130
Q

What are some physical energy resources?

A

petroleum, natural gas, biofuels from algae

131
Q

What are some renewable resources?

A

biofuels, tide, wind, solar, thermal energy

132
Q

What are some nonrenewable resources?

A

petroleum, gas, methane

133
Q

Offshore Wind Farms produce what percentage of electricity demand?

A

12%

134
Q

What are used to capture energy under water?

A

Tidal Current Turbines

135
Q

By 2030, what is our perspective goal to convert wave, tidal, and hydroelectric dams to energy from renewable resources?

A

18% production

136
Q

Where will receive the greatest impact in the future involving energy from the ocean?

A

Coastal Areas (offshore)

137
Q

What limits coral reef distribution?

A

temperature and water depth

138
Q

A seasonal wind feature in the Indian ocean is called what?

A

Monsoon

Oceanography (5 decks)

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