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Oceanography > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is it called when water on the Earth’s surface moves from reservoir to reservoir?

A

They Hydrologic Cycle

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2
Q

Which reservoir has the smallest residence time?

A

Atmosphere (water vapor)

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3
Q

Which reservoir has the second smallest residence time?

A

Biosphere (living tissues)

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4
Q

What is the reservoir with surface water such as oceans and lakes?

A

Hydrosphere

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5
Q

What is the reservoir with glacial ice?

A

Cryosphere

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6
Q

What is the reservoir with the greatest residence time?

A

Lithosphere (ground water)

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7
Q

An example of a divergent plate boundary is

A

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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8
Q

An example of a convergent plate boundary is

A

The Marianas Trench

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9
Q

The history of the changing shape of the ocean basins is recorded in the magnetic patterns in the rock of the ocean floor. This is because

A

The rocks get older with increasing distance from the mid-ocean ridges

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10
Q

The lithospheric plates move because

A

convection cells in the asthenosphere, created by heat from the core, make a “ridge push”; the cooling slabs sink back into the asthenosphere, as “slab pull”

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11
Q

What are the deepest parts of the oceans?

A

trenches

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12
Q

What are the faults crossing the mid-ocean ridges called?

A

Fracture zones

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13
Q

What are the remains of micro-organisms called?

A

ooze

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14
Q

What occurs in hydrothermal vents on mid-ocean ridges?

A

chemosynthesis

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15
Q

What is a submerged, flat-topped extinct volcano called?

A

guyot

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16
Q

What is the submerged edge of the continent called?

A

Continental shelf

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17
Q

What drives lithospheric plate motions?

A

Convection currents

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18
Q

What is the ATM of Venus?

A

90

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19
Q

What is the ATM of Earth?

A

1

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20
Q

What is the ATM of Mars?

A

0.01

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21
Q

What does the temp range from for Venus?

A

300-400 C

22
Q

What does the temp range from for Earth?

A

-60-100 C

23
Q

What does the temp range from for Mars?

A

-200-20 C

24
Q

Which planet has no surface water and is made of volcanoes?

A

Venus

25
Q

Which planet has no surface water and has ice caps in the spring?

A

Mars

26
Q

What is the escape velocity of Venus?

A

6 mi/sec

27
Q

What is the escape velocity of Mars?

A

4 mi/sec

28
Q

What is the escape velocity of Earth?

A

7 mi/sec

29
Q

How fast do Hydrogen molecules travel?

A

4 mi/sec

30
Q

How fast do oxygen molecules travel?

A

2 mi/sec

31
Q

What can escape from Earth?

A

Hydrogen, not Oxygen

32
Q

What does acoustic bathymetry entail?

A

Asound pulse is sent to the seafloor
Measure time needed for the echo to be received
This time is related to the distance to the seafloor

33
Q

What are isolated volcanic peaks that rise at least 1,000 feet above the sea floor?

A

Seamounts

34
Q

What is terrigenous sediment?

A

sediment coming from the continents/islands

35
Q

What is biogenic sediment?

A

organically produced material, like shell material, made by organisms

36
Q

Dissolved minerals present in seawater chemically react to form solids is what?

A

Authigenic

37
Q

Material from outer space, dust and small particles, like tektites, reaching Earth from space is what?

A

Cosmogenic

38
Q

What is the continental crust made up of?

A

Mostly granite

39
Q

What is the oceanic crust made up of?

A

Mostly basalt

40
Q

What is the mantle made up of?

A

a dense rock containing lots of silicon, oxygen, iron, magnesium

41
Q

What is the core made up of?

A

Iron

42
Q

What is the lithosphere made of?

A

Crust and upper mantle

43
Q

What layer of the earth is rigid and brittle?

A

Lithosphere

44
Q

What layer of the earth is soft, plastic, and able to flow?

A

Asthenosphere

45
Q

What is the lower mantle called?

A

Mesosphere

46
Q

What are examples of trenches?

A

Andes Mountain Chain, Peru-Chile Trench

47
Q

When plates pull apart, what type of boundary is it?

A

Divergent

48
Q

When plates collide, what type of boundary is it?

A

Convergent

49
Q

What way does a transform fault move?

A

side-to-side

50
Q

Our magnetic field is currently oriented towards ______, which we call _____.

A

magnetic north, normal

51
Q

In the past, the magnetic field has flipped to _____, which we call _____.

A

magnetic south, reversed

52
Q

What is the speed of the creation of the ocean floor measured in?

A

cm/year

Oceanography (5 decks)

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