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Oceanography > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Tsu mean?

A

Harbor

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2
Q

What does Nami mean?

A

Wave

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3
Q

What are tsunamis not?

A

confined to harbors and are not created by tides

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4
Q

How are tsunamis created?

A

undersea earthquakes, landslides or volcanic activity

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5
Q

How does energy travel in tsunamis?

A

Outward (like ripples that spread when a rock is thrown into a pond)

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6
Q

What are two of the most recent devastating tsunamis?

A 
Indian Ocean Tsunami (12/26/04)
Japan Tsunami (3/11/11)
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7
Q

What is the wave height on shore of a tsunami called?

A

“run-up”

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8
Q

What happens as a tsunami travels?

A

can bend and their speed can change due to the shape of the basin

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9
Q

How fast can a tsunami move in the deep ocean?

A

about 400 mph

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10
Q

What is the average wavelength of a tsunami?

A

125

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11
Q

How does a tsunami travel?

A

like a shallow water wave

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12
Q

When the front of a tsunami wave slows down, what happens?

A

the back of the wave “piles up” to a tremendous height

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13
Q

What is the approximate interval of crests and troughs of a tsunami wave?

A

about 15 minutes

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14
Q

About how tall can a tsunami wave get?

A

30 meters (98 feet) or higher

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15
Q

What determines the height of the tsunami on shore?

A

coastline shape and distance from the triggering event (earthquake)

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16
Q

What is the objective of the Tsunami Warning System?

A

predict the intensity and time of arrival of tsunami generated by earthquakes

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17
Q

What measures sea level changes as a tsunami passes over?

A

Anchored instruments, buoys that sense the period and wavelengths of waves in mid-ocean

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18
Q

Where do Tsunami’s typically occur?

A

near the Pacific ocean

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19
Q

What are giant heaps of trash that collect on the west coast of North America called?

A

Garbage Islands

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20
Q

Up until 1990 how much did the Global Sea Level rise per year?

A

2 mm/year

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21
Q

Currently, how much does the GSL rise each year?

A

3 mm/year

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22
Q

How much as the GSL risen over the last 7000 years?

A

9 meters

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23
Q

What affects the GSL?

A

ice on the continents, sea floor spreading rates, and global warming or cooling

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24
Q

Why are future projects for GSL threatening?

A

a large population of the world lives within 2 meters of the sea level currently and it could cause major coastal cities to be destroyed (Miami, New Orleans, Norfolk)

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25
Q

During this century, how much do we expect the sea level to rise with no changes in global warming?

A

2 to 6 feet

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26
Q

What does the shape of a coast depend on?

A

uplift and subsidence, erosion, the redistribution of material by sediment transport

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27
Q

What characterizes an erosional coast?

A

land-based influences determine the form, “young”, rough, and irregular

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28
Q

What characterizes a depositional coast?

A

heavily influenced by marine processes, usually older

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29
Q

Erosional coasts shape primary coasts by?

A

land erosion, land processes, volcanic activity, earth movements

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30
Q

Depositional coasts shape secondary coasts by?

A

waves and currents, stream erosion, abrasion of wind-driven particles, freeze/thaw cycles, slumping

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31
Q

What will happen if a wave approaches a shore at an angle?

A

the part of the wave closest to the shore will slow down due to friction, the wave offshore will maintain its speed, and overall, the wave will bend so that it’s more parallel to the shore

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32
Q

What shapes an erosional coast?

A

wave energy

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33
Q

What shapes a depositional coast?

A

sediment transport

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34
Q

What is movement of sand along a beach by wave action referred to as?

A

Longshore drift

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35
Q

What are regions where sand input and outflow are balanced?

A

coastal cells

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36
Q

What does the slope of a beach depend on?

A

Particle size

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37
Q

What develop when water piles against the shore and flows offshore in a fast and narrow path?

A

rip current

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38
Q

How do you escape a rip current?

A

swim parallel to the shore

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39
Q

What ancient harbor was filled with sediment carried by rivers?

A

Troy, near Scamander river in Turkey

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40
Q

What was another North African Coastal harbor that was silted in during ancient times?

A

Leptis Magna Harbor

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41
Q

What is the percentage of homes that are within 500 feet of the coast that will be destroyed within the next 60 years?

A

25%

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42
Q

What are some examples of coastal erosion driven by storms?

A

California mudslides, Gulf of Mexico Hurricanes, Longshore transport, Atlantic coast

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43
Q

What are some examples of shoreline stabilization?

A

Groins (walls perpendicular to the shore), Seawalls, Sand replenishment

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44
Q

What are ripraps?

A

irregular rocky structures that dissipate wave energy

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45
Q

What reduces beach erosion by the wind?

A

Wind Fences

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46
Q

What is referred to as “the hungry current”?

A

sand depletion and erosion that’s accelerated “downstream” of the barrier

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47
Q

What does FEMA stand for?

A

Federal Emergency Management Agency

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48
Q

What are barrier islands?

A

sandy, dynamic environments subject to severe erosion during storms in the U.S.

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49
Q

How are barrier islands created?

A

short-term sand deposits that move created by long-shore transport

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50
Q

What are some famous barrier islands?

A

Atlantic City, NJ; Ocean City, MD; Miami Beach, FL; Palm Beach, FL; Galveston, TX

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51
Q

What brings water far inland in low-lying, flat areas?

A

Storm Surges

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52
Q

What is the second largest fiscal liability of the U.S. Government?

A

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)

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53
Q

What percentage of the population is living in coastal zones?

A

37%

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54
Q

What was the pay out by NFIP following Hurricane Katrina?

A

$16 Billion

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55
Q

How high must a rebuilt structure be according to FEMA regulations?

A

2 feet higher than the water level it was destroyed by

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56
Q

What are some factors to look into when choosing a coastal property?

A

Which direction is longshore transport? Is my section of the beach gaining or losing? Where is the dunefield? What changes are being made to the beach below and above me? Is there history of storm damage there? Is the house on a cliff? Do you know where to get coastal erosion maps or flood maps?

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57
Q

Where can you get flood maps?

A

FEMA.gov

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58
Q

What is the 100 year flood line?

A

0.1

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59
Q

What is the 500 year flood line?

A

0.2

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60
Q

What is the definition of pollution?

A

substances that cause damage by interfering with an organism’s physical or biochemical processes

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61
Q

What are natural pollutants?

A

volcanic eruptions (sulfuric acid)

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62
Q

What are Anthropogenic pollutants?

A

pollutants made by men (synthetic organic materials) - pesticides

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63
Q

What is solubility?

A

the ability of a substance to be dissolved

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64
Q

What is an example of a water soluble material?

A

raw sewage, fertilizer

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65
Q

What are characteristics of fat soluble materials?

A

binds with fat, accumulates in fatty tissues

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66
Q

What are some examples of fat soluble materials?

A

PCBs, DDT, some heavy metals

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67
Q

What are some insoluble materials?

A

oil, plastic, metal

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68
Q

What are the 6 types of marine pollution?

A

Petroleum, Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Heavy Metals, Solid Waste, Sewage, Fertilizer

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69
Q

What are examples of heavy metals?

A

Lead, Mercury, Copper, Iron

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70
Q

What pollutants are in fertilizer?

A

nitrate and phosphate

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71
Q

What are the three sources of characterization involve pollution?

A

Quantity, Toxicity, and Persistence

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72
Q

90% of oil enters the ocean via?

A

run-off from human activities

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73
Q

What are the two types of oil spills?

A

Crude and refined

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74
Q

What is the most common type of oil spill?

A

crude oil - large volume, doesnt dissolve easily

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75
Q

What type of oil spill is more disruptive for longer periods of time?

A

Refined oil

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76
Q

Why is a refined oil spill more of a concern?

A

because more refined oil is transported by sea

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77
Q

What are the natural processes to clean up spilled oil?

A

evaporation, bacterial degradation, formation of tar balls

78
Q

What are three cleanup efforts for oil spills?

A

recovery, burning, dispersal

79
Q

What was the famous oil spill that caused major consequences to occur?

A

2010 BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico

80
Q

What are some key problems of plastics?

A

float, small, degrade slowly, mistaken for food, hard to map, degrades quality of shoreline

81
Q

What are some examples of synthetic organic chemicals?

A

pesticides, flame retardants, industrial solvents, cleaning fluids, coolants

82
Q

What is the accumulation of toxins in organisms in progressively higher amounts up the food chain?

A

bioamplification

83
Q

Who wrote the famous book about bioamplification?

A

Rachel Carson

84
Q

What was the book written about bioamplification called?

A

Silent Spring

85
Q

What did Rachel Carson’s book inspire?

A

Clean Water and Clean Air Acts and EPA

86
Q

What is an example of lower concentrations of heavy metals?

A

iron needed for producing red blood cells

87
Q

What can cause neurological damage, birth defects and death?

A

high concentrations of heavy metals like mercury poisoning

88
Q

What are some very toxic metals?

A

Lead, Mercury, Copper, Cadmium, Tributyl tin

89
Q

What is the outcome of raw sewage being leaked from old septic tanks?

A

deadly diseases like cholera, shellfish contamination, reef clogging, debilitating viruses

90
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

too many nutrients cause algae to grow rapidly

91
Q

Where do nutrients come from into the ocean?

A

waste water, treatment plants, factory effluent, accelerated soil erosion, fertilizers

92
Q

What does HAB stand for?

A

Hazardous Algal Blooms

93
Q

How are HABs formed?

A

Marine algae (phytoplankton especially) take up these nutrients, and large algal blooms occur.

94
Q

How do HABs affect the food chain?

A

cause light to be blocked to lower water depths causing a lack of oxygen

95
Q

What are the three coastal marine communities called?

A

Estuaries, Mangrove Forests, Kelp Forests

96
Q

What does inter tidal mean?

A

band between high and low tides

97
Q

What are characteristics of intertidal communities?

A

high energy environment, rapid changes in temperature, moisture, salinity, many different habitats, abundant food

98
Q

Sand and cobble beaches are what type of environments?

A

hostile

99
Q

The conditions of sand and cobble beaches favor what type of animals?

A

Large

100
Q

What are the essentials for coastal communities?

A

abundant nutrients, high productivity, shelter from predators, variety of environments

101
Q

What is an estuary?

A

where fresh water mixes with the sea

102
Q

What is the economic value of wetlands?

A

critical for life cycles of many marine organisms, filter sediments and pollutants, buffer water levels, slow erosion and stabilize shorelines

103
Q

What is estuarine circulation?

A

Unique circulation patterns occur where fresh and salty water meet in estuaries

104
Q

What are influences on estuarine circulation?

A

shape of estuary, volume and variation of river flow, tides

105
Q

What are the 5 different kinds of estuaries?

A

Salt-wedge, well mixed, partially mixed, fjord, reverse

106
Q

What is a fjord estuary?

A

narrow but very deep, with river water flow is strong, but with little tidal mixing.

107
Q

What is a partially mixed estuary?

A

the river flow coming into the estuary is very strong

108
Q

What is a well mixed estuary?

A

flow is not as strong and you have good mixing

109
Q

What is a reverse estuary?

A

river ceased to flow, ocean water starts to evaporate (increased salinity)

110
Q

What is a salt-wedge estuary?

A

ocean water is more dense than river water, moves up the estuary with a dense wedge of salty water, very little mixing

111
Q

What is an example of a well mixed estuary?

A

Columbia River

112
Q

What is an example of a salt wedge estuary?

A

Mississippi River

113
Q

What is an example of a partially mixed estuary?

A

Chesapeake bay

114
Q

What are some major threats to estuaries?

A

habitat destruction due to development; nutrient pollution (e.g., nitrates, phosphates, fertilizers, sewage); non-nutrient pollution (e.g. oil, heavy metals, solid waste)

115
Q

What are the most productive parts of estuaries?

A

Salt marsh communities

116
Q

Why are mangrove forests and swamps like coastal wetlands?

A

critical for life cycles of many marine organisms and filter sediments and pollutants

117
Q

Where are mangrove forests located?

A

along warm water coastlines

118
Q

What is the farming of sea life?

A

mariculture

119
Q

What is among the most biologically productive environments in the ocean?

A

kelp forests

120
Q

What are the basic components of the kelp algae?

A 
blades/fronds
stems/stipes
pneumatocysts
sporophyls
holdfast
121
Q

Why do pneumatocysts float?

A

the gases that fill them

122
Q

What are the reproductive organs of kelp?

A

sporophyls

123
Q

What are the root like structures that attach kelp to rocks and such?

A

holdfast

124
Q

What are the main predator of kelp?

A

sea urchins

125
Q

Who eats sea urchins?

A

starfish and sea otters

126
Q

Where can you find erosion maps?

A

USGS.gov

127
Q

Where should your house be located on a beach?

A

behind the dune

128
Q

What does “benthos” mean?

A

All organisms living in the ocean

129
Q

What can all living things do?

A

contain matter in an organized state, capture/store/transmit energy, reproduce and change through time, adapt to their environment

130
Q

What are the three types of organisms in the sea?

A

Plankton, Nekton, Seston

131
Q

What type of organisms are free-floating?

A

plankton

132
Q

What types of organisms are swimming organisms?

A

Nekton

133
Q

What types of organisms are attached organisms?

A

Seston

134
Q

What Greek root word do plankton and planet come from?

A

Wanderer

135
Q

What are the three types of plankton?

A

phytoplankton, zooplankton, nanoplankton/picoplankton

136
Q

What type of organisms are phytoplankton?

A

algae

137
Q

What type of organisms are zooplankton?

A

protists and animals

138
Q

What type of organisms are nanoplankton/picoplankton?

A

bacteria and viruses

139
Q

What is considered to be the base of the ocean food chain?

A

phytoplankton

140
Q

Phytoplankton provide what percentage of food made on earth by photosynthesis?

A

40

141
Q

What does phytoplankton’s small size allow?

A

Diffusion of nutrients into cells and transfer of wastes out and Efficient use of cellular material

142
Q

What are the two plain types of plankton?

A

Diatoms and dinoflagellates

143
Q

Where are diatoms dominant?

A

dominant in areas of high productivity with shells of silica

144
Q

What type of plankton don’t form shells but have whip-like appendages that allow them to move?

A

dinoflagellates

145
Q

What does autotrophic mean?

A

they make their own food using photosynthesis

146
Q

What is primary productivity?

A

Synthesis of organic matter from inorganic substances

147
Q

What is primary productivity expressed in?

A

(grams/meter2/day) or (grams/meter2/year)

148
Q

Where is the highest productivity?

A

Coral Reef, near coasts, northern oceans - the centers of gyres are “deserts”!

149
Q

During what time of year is there an increase in marine production?

A

winter to spring

150
Q

What conditions are needed for an algal bloom to occur?

A

Abundant light and nutrients, Favorable physical conditions (warm, calm), Low grazing rates

151
Q

What is the algal bloom that can be seen from space?

A

microscopic Coccolithophore, named Ehux (Emiliani huxleyi)

152
Q

What are red and brown tides?

A

tides that are caused by toxic chemicals or decay so they can use up all the oxygen in the water column

153
Q

An overwhelming number of zooplankton are?

A

crustaceans

154
Q

What percentage of marine animals are crustaceans?

A

70

155
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

a species that, by its very presence (or absence), has a HUGE effect on the ecosystem.

156
Q

What is an example of a keystone species?

A

krill

157
Q

What is ecology?

A

How organisms interact with each other and with their environment

158
Q

What are some examples of biological factors?

A

crowding, predation, shading from light, availability of food, availability of a mate

159
Q

A species’ response to an environmental factor often follows what?

A

a bell-shaped curve (Gaussian distribution)

160
Q

What are the two population shapes?

A

J and S

161
Q

What does a J shaped population curve mean?

A

exponential growth, no control

162
Q

What does an S shaped population curve mean?

A

oscillatory, with control

163
Q

What are some predation strategies?

A

foraging, scavenger, ambush, filter feeding, deposit feeding

164
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

close interaction of two species

165
Q

What is parasitism?

A

one organism benefits, the other is harmed

166
Q

What is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits, the other is not helped or harmed

167
Q

What is mutualism?

A

both organisms benefit

168
Q

What is biomass?

A

the amount of carbon/g/meter squared per day or per year

169
Q

What do we look at to see what happens to productivity in communities?

A

trophic (feeding) steps

170
Q

What is the transfer efficiency between trophic steps?

A

10%

171
Q

What is the order of the Trophic Pyramid?

A 
Tuna
Carnivorous fish
Carnivorous zooplankton
Herbivorous zooplankton
Phytoplankton
172
Q

What are the three structures of marine communities?

A

Photosynthetic, detrital, chemosynthetic

173
Q

What types of marine communities have a photosynthetic structure?

A

open ocean and coral reef

174
Q

What types of marine communities have a detrital structure?

A

deep sea floor

175
Q

What types of marine communities have a chemosynthetic structure?

A

hydrothermal vents and cold seep

176
Q

What percentage of fish species school?

A

25%

177
Q

What is schooling good for?

A

mating, cooperative hunting, avoid bigger predators

178
Q

What does DSL stand for?

A

Deep Scattering Layer

179
Q

How was the DSL discovered?

A

by SONAR

180
Q

What is the DSL?

A

A mass of swimming organisms, millions of them, that stay more or less together and move up and down near the photic-aphotic boundary to feed.

181
Q

What are characteristics of the deep sea floor?

A

dark, cold, hypersaline, highly pressurized

182
Q

Where are many kelp forests found?

A

West Coast of North America

183
Q

What are some fish with Mercury in them?

A

Swordfish, Orange Roughy, Tuna, Sharks, Marlin

184
Q

What are some fish with PCBs?

A

Flounder, Crabs, Shellfish

185
Q

What are some good fish to eat?

A

Mahi Mahi, Tilapia, Wild Alaskan Salmon, Wild Striped Bass

186
Q

What is the formula for speed?

A

Wavelength/Period

187
Q

What is the formula for steepness?

A

Height/Wavelength

188
Q

The phytoplankton are called the primary producers because

A

they use sunlight to turn CO2 and water into available energy and they are part of the base of the food chain and trophic pyramid

189
Q

The least productive areas of the oceans are

A

they middle of the gyres

190
Q

Biological amplification…..

A

involves the concentration of pollutants in organisms

191
Q

When buying coastal property, you know you can get flood maps and erosion maps online from

A

Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) & U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

Oceanography (5 decks)

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