Final Exam Multiple Choice Flashcards
- Which is not a major strength of drosophila as a model organism?
a. Short gestation time
b. Short generation time
c. Transparent
d. Genetically characterized and sequenced
c. Transparent
- What makes c.Elegans unique as a model organism?
a. Short gestation time
b. Inexpensive
c. Transparent
d. Completely fate-mapped
d. Completely fate-mapped
What is the name of the organizer in the chick?
a. Primitive streak
b. Henson’s node
c. The dorsal lip of the blastopore
d. Area pellucida
b. Henson’s node
In addition to antagonizing BMP receptors, the BMP signal can be opposed by
a. MAP kinase phosphorylation of SMADs
b. Beta-catenin displacement of a repressor
c. Transcription factor degradation
d. Phosphorylation of BMP receptors
a. MAP kinase phosphorylation of SMADs
For which of the following is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is NOT necessary?
a. Fat synthesis
b. Membrane synthesis
c. Hormone synthesis
d. Protein synthesis
d. Protein synthesis
Which cytoskeletal element lacks clear polarity (directionality)?
a. Microtubules
b. Intermediate filaments
c. Myosin
d. F actin (microfilaments)
b. Intermediate filaments
Phosphorylation is a biochemical event in signal transduction that
a. Activates the next step
b. Deactivates the next step
c. Neither a nor b
d. Either a or b
d. Either a or b
Which molecules are responsible for inhibiting neural differentiation?
a. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)
b. Fibroblast growth factors (FGF)
c. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
d. Wnt proteins
c. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
The default model of neural induction proposes that:
a. Cells will naturally become neural without any inducing signals
b. Cells need specific signals from the mesoderm to become neural
c. Neural induction only happens due to notochord presence
d. BMP signaling promotes neural fate
a. Cells will naturally become neural without any inducing signals
When cells of the ectoderm (animal cap) were grown in culture as individual cells, what tissue type did they become?
a. Mesodermal
b. Endodermal
c. Neural
d. Skin
c. Neural
Which of the following best describes the term “organizer” based on the Spemann and Mangold experiment?
a. A tissue that determines its fate regardless of location
b. A tissue that guides the differentiation of surrounding tissues
c. A tissue that restricts the development of neighboring cells
d. A tissue that remains undifferentiated throughout development
b. A tissue that guides the differentiation of surrounding tissues
The tissue transplanted by Spemann and Mangold was able to induce the formation of what in the host embryo?
a. A second organizer
b. Extra limb structures
c. A secondary neural axis ( including the spinal cord and brain)
d. Additional heart tissue
c. A secondary neural axis ( including the spinal cord and brain)
When cells of the ectoderm (animal cap) were grown in culture as a cluster with truncated BMP receptors, what tissue type did they become?
a. Mesodermal
b. Endodermal
c. Neural
d. Skin
c. Neural
Which target is phosphorylated as a result of FGF binding its receptor?
a. SMAD 1, 5 and/or 8
b. MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase
c. Neural-specific transcription factors
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following is a consequence of Wnt binding to its receptor?
a. B-catenin gets phosphorylated
b. B-catenin makes it to the nucleus to direct transcription
c. B-catenin gets degraded
d. B-catenin is targeted by ubiquitin
b. B-catenin makes it to the nucleus to direct transcription
MAP kinase phosphorylates which of the following targets?
a. SMAD 1
b. SMAD 4
c. Wnt
d. FGF
a. SMAD 1
During oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is primarily used to:
a. Phosphorylate metabolic targets
b. Directly oxidize glucose
c. Drive the active transport of pyruvate
d. Power ATP synthase for ATP production
d. Power ATP synthase for ATP production
The primary role of ATP in cellular activities is to:
a. Act as a coenzyme for enzymatic reactions
b. Provide structural support for the cell membrane
c. Store genetic information for cellular functions
d. Transfer and store energy for various cellular processes
d. Transfer and store energy for various cellular processes
The downstream target of many of the growth and guidance signaling molecules is
a. Integrins
b. Actin and cytoskeletal elements
c. Extracellular matrix
d. Immunoglobulins
b. Actin and cytoskeletal elements
Wnts
a. Have many diverse functions in development
b. Are a class of signaling molecules
c. Appear to have functions both in development as well as into adulthood
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Neurotransmitter release in response to an action potential depends on
a. Sodium channel closing
b. Sodium influx in the terminal bouton
c. Calcium influx in the terminal bouton
d. Potassium efflux from the terminal bouton
c. Calcium influx in the terminal bouton
There are two basic zones in the terminal bouton about the population of vesicles as
defined by Bailey and Chen (1988), they are:
a. The storage pool and the readily releasable pool
b. The storage pool and the inactive zone
c. The docked and releasable zone
d. Fused and total vesicle population
a. The storage pool and the readily releasable pool
Calcium influx in response to action potential results from
a. Vesicle fusion
b. NT release
c. Voltage-gated calcium channel opening
d. Voltage-independent calcium channel closing
c. Voltage-gated calcium channel opening
Which of the following is a calcium sensor involved in exocytosis?
a. Synaptobrevin
b. Synaptotagmin
c. Synaptophysin
d. Synatosynaticphysintag
b. Synaptotagmin
The open-book experiment demonstrates
a. The axon’s attraction to Netrin
b. The axon’s attraction to Slits
c. The axon’s attraction to the floor plate
d. The axons change from attraction to the floor plate to not being attracted to the floor plate
d. The axons change from attraction to the floor plate to not being attracted to the floor plate
What receptor mediates the change in axon guidance in commissural axons?
a. ROBO
b. DCC
c. Unc-5
d. Netrin
a. ROBO
Which is a receptor for Slits?
a. ROBO
b. DCC
c. Unc-5
d. Netrin
a. ROBO
Before reaching the floor plate, netrin binds which receptor?
a. ROBO
b. DCC
c. Unc-5
d. Slit
b. DCC
What does Netrin bind after reaching the floor plate?
a. ROBO
b. DCC
c. Unc-5
d. Both b and c
d. Both b and c
Which of the following is a small g protein involved in mediating netrin’s attractive signal?
a. Unc-5
b. Nogo Rhota
c. CDC 42
d. ROBO
c. CDC 42
Which of the following receptors is not present in the membrane upon approach to the midline?
a. ROBO
b. DCC
c. Unc-5
d. Slit
c. Unc-5
Vertebrate stem cells are called:
a. Astroglia
b. Microglia
c. Radial glia
d. Neural precursors
c. Radial glia
Which of the following is the best example of scaffold-dependent migration?
a. Rostral migratory stream
b. Radial migration
c. Tangential migration
d. Neural crest migration
b. Radial migration
What ion is most responsible for neurotransmitter release.
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Calcium
d. Chloride
c. Calcium
Which ion, when a selective ion channel is opened for it, will flow against its electrical gradient?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Calcium
d. All of above
b. Potassium
In an average, neuron, when summation occurs, what structure is specialized for initiating an action potential?
a. The axon hillock
b. Axon initial segment
c. Axon terminal segment
d. There is no such structure, the whole cell is specialized for this
c. Axon terminal segment
What cytoskeletal element forms the majority of the core domain in the growth cone?
a. Microtubules
b. Actin filaments
c. Actin myosin
d. Intermediate filaments
b. Actin filaments
What must be true about a form of synaptic plasticity for it to be modeled with the binomial distribution?
a. The mechanism must be post-synaptic
b. The mechanism must be presynaptic
c. The mechanism must involve more than one synapse
d. There is no limitation to what can be modeled by the binomial distribution
b. The mechanism must be presynaptic
