Final Exam - Missed Questions and Low Yield Flashcards
- Which of the following interactions are involved in holding together the tertiary bonds of a protein?
a. Hydrogen bonds
b. ionic interactions
c. hydrophobic interactions
d. disulfide bridges
all of them
- The genome of a prokaryotic cell can be found in the
a. nucleoid
- The nuclear envelope is associated with
a. Porin within the envelope
b. Lamin on the interior
c. Ribosomes on the outer surface
d. bilayer
all of these
- When you centrifuge a cell which organelle will take the most force to pull out? the least amount of force?
a. Ribosome
b. Nuclei
- Proteins that are package by the golgi apparatus that are delivered to the correct location because of:
a. specific oligosaccharide groups or glycans that are covalently attached to the packaged proteins
- Outline the pathway of a particle of food upon digestion by a cell:
a. Plasma membrane -> phagosome -> primary lysosome -> secondary lysosome
- Which of the following protein types cannot be found as part of the flagella structure
a. Keratin
b. Flagellum structure is comprised of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement (20 total)
- Which of the following is NOT considered a motor protein?
a. Nexin
- Which of the following is NOT found in the extracellular matrix?
a. Actin
- How many microtubules run the length of one complete eukaryotic cilium?
a. 20 (9 doublets + 2)
- How many microtubules in a centriole?
27 (9 triplets)
- What is a major point of the Krebs Cycle?
a. to totally oxidize a two-carbon fragment
- What is the main point of glycolysis?
a. Produce two molecules each of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
- How do enzymes help catalyze a reaction? (4 ways)
a. orientation of substrates
b. inducing strain in substrates
c. adding chemical groups to substrates
d. adding charges to substrates
- In which process does substrate level phosphorylation occur?
a. FADH2
b. NET products: 4 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
- The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex has multiple functions including
a. Transfer of H to NAD+
b. Decarboxylation of pyruvate
- Which of the following could keep the enzyme in its active form? (2 options)
a. Binding of a substrate at the active site
b. Binding of an activator to an allosteric site
- What is the main difference between uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibition of enzymes?
a. Non-competitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site somewhere else on the enzyme
b. Uncompetitive inhibition is when it binds to a site adjacent next to the active enzyme substrate complex preventing the release of products
- Which of the following structures are depolymerized during separation of sister chromatids?
a. kinetochore microtubules
- Which of the following statements about MPF is false?
a. It can break down cyclin dependent kinase
- Physical manifestation of crossing over is referred to as:
Chiasma
- Which of the following is true about the U-tube?
a. Side A will have more solutes than B
b. The water will shift from B to A
- Which of the following is true about primase?
a. It lacks proofreading ability
- Which of the following is true about the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase?
a. RTK is only functional once two receptor molecules dimerize
b. Once an RTK is activated, it can hold multiple phosphate groups on its intracellular domain
c. An RTK remains activated as long as the signal is bound to the receptor
- Phosphodiesterase converts ______to ___________
Adenylyl cylase converts ______________ to ______________
Answer choices: AMP, cAMP
Phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to AMP
Adenyl Cyclase converts AMP to cAMP
Cyclin dependent kinases only function when bound with __________
Cyclin
Which of the following statements about the mitotic spindle is false?
a. kinetochore microtubules are attached to the chromosome at their centromeric region
b. kinetochore microtubules shorten as the cell progresses from prometaphase to metaphase
c. non-kinetochore microtubules elongate as the cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase
d. the spindle apparatus is not present in G2 cells
e. (none of these statements is false.)
b. kinetochore microtubules shorten as the cell progresses from prometaphase to metaphase
metaphase to prophase
What is are the net products for intermediate step + Krebs cycle per each pyruvate? Per each glucose?
Pyruvate:
3 CO2, 4NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
Glucose
6 CO2, 8NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
What are the net products from one glucose molecule for glycolysis, intermediate step, and Kreb’s Cycle?
6 CO2
10 NADH (2 from glycolysis)
2 FADH2
4 ATP (2 from glycolysis)
Total ATP: 36-38
Why does the electron transport chain have so many steps? Why not in one step?
Rx is extremely exergonic and too much free energy would be released all at once and could not be harvested by the cell
What is the electron acceptor in fermentation?
Pyruvate
Which portion of the integral membrane protein would you expect to find the hydrophobic region? What are some examples of amino acids that may comprise this region?
Interior of bilayer (in the meat of the sandwhich
Trp, Phe, Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Pro, Met
Diffusion depends on (3 criteria)
Diameter of the molecules or ions
Temperature of solution
Concentration gradient
Which three amino acids are found in large amounts in aquaporins?
NPA
Asn-Pro-Ala
Asparagine Proline Alanine
Selectivity of the aquaporins is based on ______________ of channel AND the ______________________ properties within channel
diameter of channel
hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of amino acids
What are three proteins/channels that assist with passive membrane transport?
Channel proteins: integral and form a channel
Carrier proteins: bind some substances and speed their diffusion through the bilayer
Ion channels: open in response to a ligand or voltage
Which of the following is most unlike the others?
a. Exocytosis
b. phagocytosis
c. pinocytosis
d. receptor-mediated endocytosis
e. None of the above
a. Exocytosis
Which of the following is not a stage of cell signaling?
a. Reception
b. Transduction
c. Response
d. Replication
d. replication
What is the name for the process of signal transduction pathways that allows pathway to branch, allows convergence on a single transcription factor, and allows for the simultaneous inhibition and activation of different pathways?
a. Convergence
b. Divergence
c. Crosstalk
d. The Game of Telephone
Cross talk
Molecule A is large, polar, molecule whereas Molecule B is a small, non-polar, molecule. Which of the following answer choices correctly identifies which type of receptor Molecule A and Molecule B would bind to?
a. A: Intracellular receptor; B: membrane receptor
b. A: Membrane receptor; B: intracellular receptor
c: A: intracellular receptor; B: intracellular receptor
d: B: membrane receptor; A: membrane receptor
b. A: Membrane receptor; B: intracellular receptor
Which of the following would most likely NOT be a plasma membrane receptor?
a. Ion channels
b. Protein kinase receptors
c. G protein-linked receptors
d. Cortisol receptor
d. Cortisol receptor
For the secondary messengers DAG and IP3; which one is hydrophobic and which one is hydrophilic?
a. DAG: hydrophilic; IP3: hydrophobic
b. IP3: hydrophilic; DAG: hydrophobic
c. They are both hydrophilic.
d. They are both hydrophobic.
b. IP3: hydrophilic; DAG: hydrophobic
IP3 is found in cytoplasm
DAG is found in membrane
True/false: at the G1-S phase transition Retinoblastoma Protein (RB) is activated by cyclin-cdk and the cell cycle proceeds
False: RB is a tumor supressor which, when active, acts as the “brakes” of cell division.
Phosphorylation inactivates RB innactivresults in RB becoming inactive
True/false: at the G1-S phase transition Retinoblastoma Protein (RB) is activated by cyclin-cdk and the cell cycle proceeds
False: RB is a tumor supressor which, when active, acts as the “brakes” of cell division.
Phosphorylation inactivates RB and the cell transitions from G1-S phase
