Final Exam MHC Flashcards
Nicholas Negroponte, “Being Digital”
He said that “Computing is not about computers anymore. It is about living.”
Nautical Navigation
- It was difficult and dangerous in the 19th century
- Machines were able to make calculations with greater accuracy than humans
- These calculations saved lives
Babbage Difference Engine
- Science Museum of London recreation of…
- 5-ton and 11 feet tall with 8,000 cams and cogwheels
- Could calculate 31 decimal places
- Solutions to polynomial equations could be printed directly and in hard copy to eliminate typos
Tabulating Machines, 1910’s-1930s
- US Census’ Hollerith Tabulating Machine, 1940
- 400 cards/minute
- 12 bits of info extracted from each card
Z3, Germany, 1941
Programmable digital computer
Used to calculate aircraft designs
Destroyed in WW2
Colossus, Britain 1943
Programmable digital computer
Used to decipher codes in WW2
Harvard Mark 1, 1944
- Huge computer
- Capability of iPhone or computer
- Something you would have to walk around / climb over
Early Computing
Note the importance of military and business to the early history of this media technology (? look more in book ‘computers’)
Gender and Computers
- Early people who worked in complex mathematics were called “computers”
- Many of this computers and technicians were women
- Myth of the male engineer
Homebrew Computer Club
- Palo Alto, CA
- Encouraged experiments
- Apple’s first demonstration
- Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs
Encouraging Experimentation
- At Apple, 20% of employee time is for free experimentation (But who owns the products of this experimentation?)
- Policy eliminated, 2013
Xerox PARC “Alto”
First working personal computer Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)
(might be more on this in book “computers”)
Apple 2 Computer
- Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs
- Featured spreadsheets to help with accounting and small business finances
“Killer App”
- Function of a product presented as indispensable or far superior to rival products
- Application so powerful it prompts consumers to purchase the delivery device (comp, phone, etc.)
- Spreadsheet
- Microsoft office
IBM Personal Computer
- IBM tried to catch up to the Apple 2
- Killer App was also a spreadsheet for business
- IBM asked Bill Gates and Microsoft to develop the operating system
- contract allowed Gates to sell the software to other computer systems
- “Clone” computers were far cheaper than IBM
Apple Macintosh
Had it all..
- Mouse
- GUI
WYSIWYG= what you see it what you get
Its Killer App was desktop publishing
Missing the Curve in the Road
- IBM was not prepared for PC
- Allow microsoft to develop and operating system for “clone” computers
- Xerox didn’t use its own research
- Palo Alto Research Center lost staff and big ideas to Apple Corp.
Apple-Microsoft Incompatibilities
- Many problems were ironed out in the 80s and 90s
- By the 21st century, both apple and Microsoft used intel chips
(i think there is more in book, “computers”)
Moore’s Law
- Gordon Moore of Intel
- Computer power doubles every 18-24 months
- Slowed a bit by 2013
Media and culture share a _____ relationship
symbiotic
Digital networks _____ and are _____ by culture.
shape; shared
Vannevar Bush
- Top US science advisor during WW2
- predicted the development of personal computer
- post war hope for democratic influences on science and technology
What is the difference between the internet and the World Wide Web?
Internet: hardware infrastructure
Web: information on the internet
How did the government influence the Internet during its early years?
The internet was created by a gov agency in the context of the Cold War. Having computers communicate was necessary for defense and helpful for scientific research
ARPA/DARPA
Advanced Research Projects Agency (founded in 1958)
Renamed Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1971
AT&T’s Missed Opportunity
- US Dept. of Defense’s offers AT&T and ARPA’s network at cost
- AT&T refuses
- Fears data networks would creates problems in the - phone system
Engineering for the Internet
- Not in larger corporations like AT&T
- Internet tech created by people without corporate loyalties
- Internet’s pioneers were free to create a system untethered to distinct and established corporate interests
Basic Framework of the Internet
In place in 1978
IBM began planning a personal computer (PC) that year
Designers Ted Nelson and Doug Engelbart
- Sketched model enabling users to retrieve information wherever
- Vision of user empowerment shocks IBM executives
Early Internet
University Internet Systems in the 1980s
Users had emails, file transfer protocol (ftp), and text-only files
ISPs (Internet Service Providers)
- Designed for hobbyists to use emails, chat rooms, and for gaming in “multi-user dungeons”
Text-Only Internet
Pre ISP (internet service provider)
Text is only communication method possible in early days of the internet
Images, audio, and video files were too large to send through network connections
Early modems: 300 bits / second
BBC’s Teletext
- Interactive news service
- Banking, travel ticket sales
- Carried over television broadcast signal
- Conservative British politicians withdrew costly subsidies, ended in 1994
Prodigy (USA, late 1980s)
- Cut high cost of online services
- Drew revenue from advertising and not just subscription sales (IBM ; Sears Invest)
- Billed itself as family-oriented ISP (PR error!)
- Courts held Prodigy responsible for filtering adult content
- Lost expensive lawsuit
Minitel (France)
Early French network launched in 1980
Used telephone and low resolution screens (More cost effective than Teletext)
Had a phone modem that doubled as a regular telephone
Carried online phone listings replacing print phone books
By mid 1980s became world’s largest e-commerce marketplace
Lessons from Early Networks
Navigation is important
News is not enough
Graphics matter
Networks can help business
America Online
- Founded in 1992 before the Web when slow networks delivered less low-resolution graphics
- Most successful ISP
- Best graphic interface, but graphics were pre-loaded
- Circumvented slow network / low-resolution barrier
- Offered easiest email system
- 500,000 subscribers by 1993
- 27 million by 2000
Inventing the Web: (main components)
hypertext, HTTP, and URL
Hypertext
Embedded links leading away from a linear document toward references or related paths
HTTP
hypertext transfer protocol. Code that transfers users
URL
universal Resource Locator. Helped locate web pages