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MHC > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Media

A

Plural form of medium; a means of communication.

ex. print, radio, film, social media

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2
Q

History

A

A narrative that organizes and makes sense of the past.

  • changes along with culture
  • no historical narrative is comprehensible/complete
  • often aspires to objectivity, but seldom achieves it
  • written from a particular perspective.
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3
Q

History vs. The past

A

History is a narrative that make sense of the objects, memories, people, and circumstances that occurred previously.

Past is the objects, memories, people, and circumstances that occurred previously.

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4
Q

Historiography

A

The practice/craft of writing history.

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5
Q

Presentism

A

When history is written and judged from the perspective of the moment it was created. It often creates unfair and unreasonable expectations for the past is organizes.

AKA “historians fallacy” / Anachronism

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6
Q

Anachronism

A

“contrary to time”

- often confuse two or more time periods.

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7
Q

Whig History

A

An approach to historiography that presents the past as an inevitable progression towards ever greater liberty and enlightenment, culminating in modern forms of liberal democracy and constitutional monarchy.

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8
Q

Culture

A

The values, beliefs, and practices that mark a particular context.

  • these change over time and are specific to particular settings.
  • has a significant impact on how history is written.
  • human creation

ex. China vs. US; California vs. Iowa; Council Bluffs vs. Iowa City; 20th vs 21st century.

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9
Q

Media Revolutions

A

Printing
Imaging
Electronic
Digital

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10
Q

Four Stages of Media History

A
  1. Authoritarian (censored)
  2. Parisan (political parties)
  3. Commercial / Penny Press (often sensationalistic)
  4. Organized Intelligence (future development)
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11
Q

McLuhan

A

A media critic who was strongly influenced by Innis and also put communication at the center of history and social life; a deterministic view of technology

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12
Q

McLuhan’s the Medium is the Message

A

States that the kind of communication - print, imaging, broadcasting, or computing - has a strong influence not only on the message itself, but on the type of thinking and the development of the culture creating the messages.

ex. A literate print culture is different from a visual or radio or tv culture.

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13
Q

Determinism

A

Determinists see technologies as path-dependent, with inevitable changes and consequently predictable impacts on society.

  • Technology shapes society (to a degree)
    ex. fiber optic internet
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14
Q

Constructionism

A

Social constructionists see a stronger influence for economics, politics, and culture that controls technological development.

  • society shapes technology (to a degree)
    ex. texting
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15
Q

Utopian

A

When people embrace technology in an extremely optimistic way

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16
Q

Luddites

A

When people reject technology in an extreme and pessimistic way

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17
Q

Ideology

A

A set of lenses that creates a way of looking at and interpreting the world and our place in it.

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18
Q

When historians consider how technology is developed there are often 2 basic schools of thought: what are they?

A

Determinism and constructionism; neither is right or wrong

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19
Q

Sometimes predictions for technological directions that do not occur are called?

A

Technological Fallacies

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20
Q

A new medium can ….

A

enhance, obsolesce, retrieve, reverse

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21
Q

Oral culture

A

Language and storytelling are innate in humans.

Use of media is learned - it does not come to us naturally (hence “learned”)

  • Oral culture does not disappear as new media emerge (Radio, FRD’s Fireside Chats, Podcasts)
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22
Q

Written language

A

Not innate to humans - had to be invented.

Logographic, Syllabary, Alphabetic

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23
Q

Printing’s impact on Reformation

A
  • Print amplified Luther’s dissent
  • 95 thesis circulated across Europe in less than 1 month
  • Crowds rushed printing houses grabbing pages still wet from the press
  • how technology compliments and complicates values, practices, and attitudes
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24
Q

Printing’s impact on Enlightenment

A

b

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25
Q

Printing’s impact on Political revolutions

A

It allowed for the spread of new political ideas and fostered forums for debate.

ideas from all over the world came together.

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26
Q

Key figures in print’s development and impact on reformation, Enlightenment, and Politics

A

…..

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27
Q

Spread of printing

A

b

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28
Q

Monk power: Production

A

v

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29
Q

Monk Power: Expense

A

v

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30
Q

Censorship

A

Word “censor” comes from ancient Roman office of Censor, which was responsible for public morals and keeping track of the population (hense, census)

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31
Q

Partisan Press

A

v

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32
Q

Rise of newspapers

A

Johann Carolus owner of French book printing company
Grew tired of copying business newsletters by hand

First printed newspaper, 1605

Newsletters promote commerce

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33
Q

Steam power and printing

A

Tens of thousands of newspapers published at a time

Advertisers reach wide audience

Many papers priced as low as a penny

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34
Q

The Penny Press

A

v

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35
Q

Key figures in the Penny Press

A

b

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36
Q

Key penny press publications

A

v

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37
Q

Penny Press: Different Approaches to publishing

A

v

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38
Q

The Stereotype

A

Invented in Scotland 1725
Saved typesetting expenses by mid 1800s
Called “cliche” because of Clichy lead works near Paris

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39
Q

The African American Press

A
  • 2700 African American papers published in the 19th and 20th centuries
  • Most lasted less than a decade. Not unusual for papers
Pittsburgh Courier (1907-1966)
Chicago defender (1905-present)
Ebony Magazine (1945-present)
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40
Q

Who were key figures in the African American Press?

A 
Reverend Peter Williams (Freedom Journal)
Samuel Cornish (The Rights of All)
Frederick Douglass (The North Star)
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41
Q

What is an example of Social Constructionism

A

Texting / SMS
Text was not designed to be the primary use of phones, but now it is more common than making phone calls. This was not “determined” by the manufacturers - it was socially constructed to be more common than phone calls.

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42
Q

What are characteristics of the people of Oral Culture?

A
  • people think in concrete and practical ways rather than using modern abstract or linear concepts.
  • people tend to make decisions by consensus, in groups, rather than within a hierarchy.
  • people tend to have polarized world views, oriented toward good and evil
  • tend to have a love of epic sagas and poetry
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43
Q

Written language: Logographic

A

Pictures, Logos, Drawings

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44
Q

Written Language: Syllabary

A

certain signs for particular syllables

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45
Q

Written Language: Alphabetic

A

Can be combined and recombined to form words (English)

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46
Q

What is the more efficient mode of written language?

A

alphabetic systems because there are billions of ideas from only about 2 dozen symbols.

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47
Q

What new language has recently emerged that might be considered a retrieval of the logographic language practices?

A

emojis

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48
Q

How did printing undermine the church?

A

It allowed everyone to read and question the Bible.

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49
Q

Figures who used print media for political revolution

A

Thomas Paine
Camille Desmoulins
Thomas Jefferson
John Peter Zenger

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50
Q

How did printing impact science?

A

It aided exploration through maps.

Readers would help to improve and amend those maps future editions (just like the info google takes from our phones allows them to improve their product)

New maps were things people would encounter and then map improvements around them (early wikipedia, participatory media)

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51
Q

What were the four basic approaches to censorship?

A

Licensing of printing companies
Prior restraint approval required before publication
Taxation and stamps on regular publications
Prosecution for sedition (against govt) or libel (individuals)

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52
Q

Press, speech, and democracy: why are democracy and censorship so often at odds?

A

Freedom of speech and expression often butt heads with censorship

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53
Q

Which of the following was not a prominent publisher in the 19th century in the US?

A

Benjamin Franklin

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54
Q

Where did the term “muckraker come from”?

A

President Theodore Roosevelt said the press was like the “man with the muckrake” in the 17th century book Pilgrim’s Progress

55
Q

Crusading Journalism

A

v

56
Q

Yellow Journalism

A

Named for the yellow ink used to color a comic character called the “Yellow kid” created by Richard F. Outcault.

Usually a humorous take on working-class life, was first printed in the “New York World”

Also printed in Hearst’s journal “Journal American” - was not the only guy doing this but he was known so he was named for a lot of it

Journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.

57
Q

Stunt journalism

A

v

58
Q

Associated Press

A

v

59
Q

WW1 and the press

A
  • The press wore army uniforms
  • George Seldes’ interviewed the German General Hindenberg and the interview was censored
  • Censorship opened the door for DolchstoBlegende myth that led to the rise is Nazism
60
Q

Bolo Pasha Affair

A

WW1 German plot to buy French newspaper using money filtered through US banks

Bolo Pasha bought Le Journal to advocate surrender to the German

Pasha executed for treason on 1917

It was a manipulation of press as warfare tactic

61
Q

Propaganda

A

Information, especially when biased and even misleading, designed to promote a particular, and often political, point of view

62
Q

WW2 and the Press

A

Reconstruction of press in Germany and Japan after war

63
Q

Nazism and press

A

v

64
Q

WW2 and the Press - key figures

A

v

65
Q

Double V campaign

A

A slogan and drive to promote the fight for democracy abroad and within the United States for African Americans during World War II

66
Q

Hutchins Commission

A

v

67
Q

Civil Rights and the Press

A
  • Press helped bring about this change
  • Framed issues as “Civil Rights” not “Race War”
  • Important of framing in the press
  • Exposed all parts of the country to racial injustice
68
Q

Civil Rights and the Press - Publications

A

1827 “Freedom Journal”

1847 - mid 1860 “The North Star” - Frederick Douglas

1905 “Chicago Defender” - Robert A. Abbott

1907 “Pittsburgh Courier” - Robert Lee Vann & Edward Harleston

1945 “Ebony” - John H. Johnson

2006 “The Race Boat” - Gene Patterson and Hank Klibanoff

69
Q

Watergate

A
  • Burglars hired by White House caught searching Democratic national headquarters
  • President Nixon and cabinet charged with money laundering, extortion, fraud, and tampering with election process
70
Q

Watergate

oKey figures

A

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein - the reporters of Watergate

71
Q

End of the Press

A
  • New technology made printing more profitable in the 1970s
  • Corporate-driven investment publishing
  • Wall Street (share holders) demand more profit
    Reaction to digital culture
72
Q

Media convergence

A

New media combine with old media to create new and used and meanings

73
Q

Visual Media

A

v

74
Q

Photography and persuasion/evidence

A

Photography has an “indexical” relationship to the word it represents

75
Q

Symbolic

A

Apple: a round fruit, grows on trees, can be red, green, yellow

The term “Apple” is arbitrary. No necessary relationship to the object it describes

Pomme
Manzana
Apfel

Language is symbolic

76
Q

Iconic

A

Image that resembles the thing it describes

Painting is (often not always) iconic

77
Q

indexical

A

Image that would not exist independent of the object it represents

The indexical image attests to the existence of the object it represents

Fingerprints
Tire tracks 
Photography is (often, not always) index
78
Q

Emergence of photography

oKey figures, technologies, and events

A

v

79
Q

Civil War photography

oKey figures, events, and issues

A

c

80
Q

Oscar Wilde Controversy

A

Photo taken in 1884

The photograph reproduced widely without permission

Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony (1884)

This lawsuit led to copyright protections for photographs in United States

81
Q

Kodak and vertical integration

A 
Flexible celluloid film
Portable 
Owned by Eastman Kodak Company
“Brownie” 
Vertical integration 
Kodak owned the cameras, film, development services (all phases of this process)
82
Q

Pictorialism

oKeyfigures and ideas

A

Extension of photography into art

Ex. Flatiron Building by Edward Steichen

83
Q

Photography and Social Reform: Key figures, organizations, and issues

A 
Jacob Riis
Lewis Hine 
Walker Evans
Dorothea Lange
Gordon Parks
84
Q

Farm Services Administration

oRelationship to photography and key figures

A

v

85
Q

War photography

oKey figures and issues

A

v

86
Q

Ethics of photography

A

v

87
Q

Censorship and photography

A

v

88
Q

Digital photography

A

Allows for easy manipulation, censorship, and fabrication of photographs

(OJ Simpson)

89
Q

Which is not one of Walter Lippmann’s four historical stages of the media?

A

Crusading

90
Q

Key Civil Rights Events: Brown v. Board of Education:

A

1954
Supreme Court unanimously decided that racially segregated schools were “inherently unequal”

African American students had been “deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.

91
Q

Key Civil Rights Events: Murder of Emmett Till

A

1955
14 year old Chicago resident visiting relatives in Mississippi was murdered and dumped in river in apparent retaliation for supposedly talking in a sassy way to a white woman.

Picture of dead corpse was put on front page of “Ebony”, “Chicago Defender” and “Jet” magazine

Accused white killers were acquitted despite considerable evidence

Till case demonstrated widespread racial injustice in society and the judicial system

92
Q

Civil Rights Key figures

A

v

93
Q

Mediation cannot be divorced from _____.

A

creation;

Media do not simply convey information, but shape that information (McLuhan helps us with this…)

94
Q

Media and culture has a _____ relationship.

A

Symbiotic/interdependent

95
Q

Media Revolutions: Printing

A
  • Moveable type - 1455
    • Religious revolutions 1500-1700s
  • Industrial scale printing
    • Political revolutions 1700s-now
96
Q

Media Revolutions: Imaging

A

Photography, cinema, advertising

Popularization of media

97
Q

Media Revolutions: Electronic

A

Radio, tv, satellites

Nationalization of media

98
Q

Media Revolutions: Digital

A

Computers, networks

Global culture

99
Q

commerce is a key driver of…

A

media change and innovation

100
Q

English Enlightenment:

A

John Locke (1632-1704) - he said that humans essentially have a social contract with the government and that tolerance was vital.

Foundation for the Declaration of Independence

His ideas were circulating through print in forms that could be passed around.

101
Q

French Enlightenment:

A

Francois Voltaire (1694-1778) - author of Candidate (1759).

It basically said that he my disagree with what you say but he will die defending your right to say it - everyone has a right to their opinion

102
Q

John Peter Zenger 1697-1746

A

New york printer who published New York Weekly Journal

103
Q

Why did John Peter Zenger go to trial?

A

He accused a colonial governor of electoral manipulation
- Charged with seditious libel, 1735
His defense: he told the truth regardless of how damaging it was

He was acquitted for revealing electoral manipulation
Created principle of truth as defense against libel
Increased press’ civic potential and responsibility

104
Q

Benjamin Day:

A

1833

  • “New York Sun”
  • Tried to focus on controversial and sensational content over “hard” news (politics, science, etc)
  • “Penny Trash”
  • He saw that people really liked the topics that he was writing about
  • He was known for the Moon Hoax - wrote about how people when to the moon and encountered “bat people”, and it was presented as true - aka tabloid journalism
105
Q

James Gordon Bennet

A

1835

  • “New York Herald”
  • Sensationalistic
  • Viscous editorial attacks - attacked people and institutions
  • Charles Dickens called it a “foul mass of positive obscenity”
106
Q

Horace Greeley

A

1841

  • “New York Tribune”
  • Press has “sacred trust”
  • Aided Abraham Lincoln’s Presidential campaign
107
Q

Henry Raymond

A

1851

  • “New York Times”
  • Alternative to Tribune’s moralizing and Herald’s sensationalism - more moderate and allistic, moralizing
  • Champaign neutrality and attacked corruption
  • Became national paper of record
    • “All the news that’s fit to print’” - if its not in the NYT then it doesn’t count - this was a way to build authority
108
Q

Joseph M. Levy

A

1855

  • “London Daily Telegraph”
  • Modeled after New York Herald
  • Sensationalistic
  • He started doing Stunt Journalism
  • Partnership with New York Herald to find Scottish missionary Dr. David Livingstone
109
Q

“The Rights of All”

A

1829
Replaced Freedom’s Journal
Run by former Freedom’s Journal editor Samuel Cornish

110
Q

“The North Star”

A

1847

Published by Frederick Douglass

111
Q

Nellie Bly

A

(1864-1922)
Pulitzers most famous reporter
Went “round the world’ in 72 days
Foundational figure in women’s journalism

112
Q

Will Irwin

A

1911

  • Colliers Magazine
  • Press is “mouthpiece of an older stock” that “lags behind times”
  • “Power resides in men of that older generation”
  • Placed Blame on AP monopoly
113
Q

E.W. Scripts

A

(1854-1926)

  • United Press wire service in 1907 to compete with AP
  • Established Scripps Oceanographic Service and Science News Service
  • “They way to make democracy safe is to make it more scientific”
  • He resembles Pulitzer and The Enlightenment thinkers
114
Q

Ida B. Wells

A

(1862-1931)
- She was the editor of Free Speech in Memphis

  • Investigated 1891 lynching of 3 innocent African Americans by a white mob
  • Newspaper stand was burned down be people were afraid of the information she was providing to the public - So she fled New York
  • Helped found NAACP
115
Q

Samuel Hopkins Adams (1871-1958)

A

1905

  • “Colliers”
  • He exposed dangerous narcotics and false advertising in medicine advertising
  • He created rising calls for a Food and Drug Administration - which regulated the stuff that is on the market
  • “The great american fraud” for “colliers”
  • Compared “Big Pharma” and today’s opioid epidemic
116
Q

Lincoln Steffens

A

1866-1936

  • He exposed municipal corruption for “McClure’s” Magazine
  • Articles complied in “The shame of the cities”
  • Municipal corporation - local gov corruption
117
Q

Cecil Cherston

A
  • Reporter for London’s “New Witness”

- Exposed stock fraud and insider trading in Marconi wireless stock scandal in 1912

118
Q

Ida Tarbell

A

(1857-1944)

  • She exposed Standard Oil’s corruption in 1902 “McClure’s” series
  • She encouraged antitrust enforcement
  • Writer for “McLure’s”
119
Q

David Graham Phillips (1867-1911)

A
  • 1906, “Treason of the Senate” in cosmopolitan
  • He exposed bribery in the US government
  • He thought that the pubic had the right to know
120
Q

Upton Sinclair (1878-1968)

A
  • “The Jungle” (1906): Novel about meat packaging industry in Chicago
  • Health and working conditions
  • Based on investigations for Appeal to Reason
  • Promoted creation of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
121
Q

Ray Stannard Baker (1870-1946)

A

“Following the Color Line” (1908) which explored racial inequality and pushed for reform

122
Q

Supplements

A

They accompany and highlight certain qualities

123
Q

Louis Daguerre (1787-1851)

A

Inventor of daguerreotype process of photography

He did not patent his invention - wanted everyone to
experience this

One of his famous photographs was called Boulevard Du Temple, 1838

124
Q

Bisson Brothers

A

1850s
Outdoor / nature photography
Required 25 porters to help cart equipment up Mont Blanc

125
Q

Roger Fenton

A

Photographed Crimean War

Worries that Fenton’s photographs of the war were angering British public

He had a mobile studio in ways that the earlier photographs weren’t

Although he was not anywhere near the digital age, there were accusations that he was staging scenarios to make a dramatic photo

126
Q

Mathew Brady (1822-1896)

A

First famous American Photographer

Took Civil War photographs

He photographed Abe Lincoln

Helped create an image that would contribute to his election campaign

Important of the image in politics

127
Q

291 Gallery (New York)

A

Opened by Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen

Photography would be recognized “as a medium of individual expression

128
Q

Photography and Social Reform: organizations, and issues

A

National Child Labor Committee

Farm Services Agency (FSA)

129
Q

Jacob Riis (1849-1914)

A

Flash photography
How the Other Half Lives (1890)

He went into very dark places where people lived and used these photographs to show people how these people were living to try and promote social reform

130
Q

Lewis Hine (1874-1940)

A
  • Social reform
  • National Child Labor Committee
  • He motivated child labor laws
  • Took pictures of the poor conditions that children were working in
131
Q

Walker Evans (1903-1975)

A
  • Photojournalism
  • Farm Services Agency (FSA)
  • Rural rehabilitation efforts
  • Boost national morale
  • Collaborated with James Agee for Fortune
  • Led to collaboration on Let us Now Praise Famous Men (1941)
132
Q

Dorothea Lange (1895-1965)

A
  • Photojournalist
  • Farm Services Agency
  • Helped get relief for starving families
  • She also photographed Japanese Internment camps during WW2 (in link that we read for disc. reading)
133
Q

Gordon Parks (1912-2006)

A

Farm services agency
Focused on racial justice
Went on to direct films

MHC (3 decks)

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