Final Exam (Lecture 23 and 24) - Vaccinology Flashcards
List two risks and two benefits of vaccines.
1) Risks:
- Alter immune homeostasis
- Feline fibrosarcoma
2) Benefits:
- Control zoonotic diseases
- Reduce the need for antibiotics
Define core and non-core vaccines.
1) Core vaccines:
- Recommended for all healthy animals in an
area
2) Non-core vaccines:
- Recommended based on exposure risks like
geographic region, age, and lifestyle
Describe the basic immunology for a protective adaptive immune response to:
- Extracellular pathogen
- Intracellular pathogen
- Intravesicular pathogen
- Mucosal pathogen
1) Extracellular Pathogen:
- TH1 secretes INF-gamma and activates
macrophages
- IgG opsonizes pathogen
- TFH secretes cytokines to promote class
switching
- TH17 secretes cytokines to attract neutrophil
2) Intravesicular Pathogens:
- TH1 secretes INF-gamma activates M1 macro
3) Intracellular Pathogens:
- Cytotoxic T cells activated by MHC I
- TH1 activated by MHC II
- B cells (IgG)
4) Mucosal Pathogens:
- IgA blocks entry
- If pathogen gets through (CTL, TH1,
and B cells respond)
When given the characteristics and pathogenesis of a disease, describe the type of immunity you would like an ideal vaccine to induce.
CHART IN PPT
List three governmental agencies involved in regulating veterinary products and give examples of the products they regulate. Explain the difference between biologics and pharmaceuticals.
1) FDA = Veterinary drugs (antibiotics), medicated feeds
2) USDA CVB = Veterinary vaccines and biological products
3) EPA = Topical insecticides
List the basic characteristics/qualities of all USDA fully licensed vaccines (what they are and what they are not).
1) What they are:
- Pure, safe, potent, and efficacious
2) What they are not:
- Worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or
harmful
List the differences in assurances for safety and efficacy for a fully licensed vaccine, conditional vaccines, autogenous vaccines, and intentional introduction of disease.
1) Fully licensed:
- Assured safe and efficacious
2) Conditional:
- Assured safe
- Reasonable expectation of efficacy
3) Autogenous:
- Limited safety assurance
- No efficacy assurance
4) Intentional Introduction:
- No assurance of safety or efficacy
Describe information on a vaccine label for a recently licensed vaccine.
For the vaccination of healthy animals for this disease caused by this organism.
List two advantages and disadvantages of each modified live vaccine, killed vaccine, and bacterin.
1) Modified Live Vaccine:
- Advantages:
- Less expensive
- More closely resemble immune response
from wild-type infection
- Disadvantages:
- Have to keep cold
- Could cause abortion
2) Killed Vaccine:
- Advantages:
- No live antigen
- Not as immunosuppressive
- Disadvantages:
- Can lead to hypersensitivity
- No immune-mediated response
Give an example of a new technology vaccine and how it differs from traditional killed and modified live vaccines.
mRNA Vaccines:
- Not alive
- Very specific proteins injected vs. microbial
active/inactive protein
- Instructions to make the protein vs. being a
protein itself
Explain what DIVA means in the veterinary vaccine world and the advantages of using DIVA vaccines.
DIVA = Detecting Infection in Vaccinated Animals
Advantages:
- Allows for vaccination while retaining ability
for serologic surveillance for infection
- Determine wild-type virus induced antibody
vs. vaccine induced antibody
Describe the role of adjuvants in vaccines and give an example.
Added to vaccines to enhance immunity by triggering danger signals in innate system.
Ex: Chemicals (oil, nanoparticles) and microbial components.
Explain the various factors that can be reasons a vaccine fails to protect.
1) Problem with vaccine handling
- Stored at incorrect temperature
- Exposure to light
2) Problem with administration
- Wrong route
- Partial dose
3) Perceived failure
When given a scenario, explain why a vaccine might fail or induce an insufficient response.
1) Immunodeficiency
2) Age
3) Poor health/nutrition
4) Toxins
5) Infectious disease
6) Stress
7) Concurrent infection
