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Microbiology > Final Exam: Immunology > Flashcards

Final Exam: Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

T or F:

Lysozyme is an enzyme that damages the peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.

A

True

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2
Q

T or F:

Activation of complement always required antibodies

A

F

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3
Q

T or F:

Capsules and cell wall proteins allow some bacteria to evade the adherence step of phagocytosis

A

True

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4
Q

T or F:

He symptoms of inflammation include redness, heat, swelling, and pain

A

True

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5
Q

Which type of WBC is capable of phagocytosis?

Neutrophil or lymphocyte

A

Neutrophil

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6
Q

What step of phagocytosis is improved by opsonization?

A

Adherence

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7
Q

Which cell type forms scar tissue?

A

Stromal cells

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8
Q

Which of these molecules is produced in response to viral infections?
Prostaglandins or interferons?

A

Interferons

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9
Q

First line of defense again microbes?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

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10
Q

What group of serum proteins is involved in cytolysis of microbes?

A

The complement system

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11
Q

List the five types of WBC from most to least abundant

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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12
Q

Which type of cells mature to form a macrophage?

A

Monocytes

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13
Q

What is the term for the widening of blood vessels?

A

Vasodilation

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14
Q

What type of immunity targets specific microbes?

A

Adaptive immunity

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15
Q

Example of first line defense?

A

The ciliary escalator

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16
Q

What is the term for the movement of phagocytes trough a blood capillary walk to the site of infection?

A

Emigration

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17
Q

Which protein gives strength and toughness to epidermal tissue?

A

Keratin

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18
Q

General term for all white blood cells?

A

Leukocyte

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19
Q

What encloses a microbe inside a phagocytic cell?

A

A phagosome

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20
Q

Cells produce alpha interferon and beta interferon in response to

A

Viral infections

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21
Q

Which of these cells do not have phagocytic activity?

A

Lymphocytes

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22
Q

Which complement protein directly forms the membrane attack complex? (MAC)

A

C9

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23
Q

Which complement protein binds to the surface of microbes and enhances phagocytosis in a process termed opsonization?

A

C3b

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24
Q

What is not a chemical factor that helps the skin be relatively resistant to infections?

A

Complement proteins

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25
Q

What term best describes the symbiotic relationship between humans and most of the normal microbiota that live on our human skin?

A

Commensalism

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26
Q

______ are involved in detecting foreign invaders. They do so by binding to pathogen- associated molecular patterns on the surface of pathogen

A

Toll-like receptors

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27
Q

The presence of a capsule and the M protein of streptococcus pyogenes are both involved in

A

Helping bacteria resist phagocytosis

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28
Q

______ are inflammatory molecules that are usually found in blood in an inactive form. Once activated they help to attract neutrophils to the injured area

A

Kinins

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29
Q

When attracted to an infected area, macrophages can leave the bloodstream by squeezing grouch the endothelial cells lining a blood vessel. What is this process called?

A

Diapedesis

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30
Q

What is the effect of alpha interferon on an uninflected cell?

A

It causes the cell to produce antiviral proteins

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31
Q

What is the fluid that is collected by the blood by lymphatic capillaries?

A

Interstitial fluid

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32
Q

What is not an advantage of antimicrobial peptides?

A

They have a narrow spectrum of activity, so they are very specific

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33
Q

Chronological order of phagocytosis

A

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion

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34
Q

Which is false about lysozyme?

A

It is an organelle in white blood cells

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35
Q

Your lab partner slips on his way to class and scraped his arm. You make a smear of the fluid and observe large nucleated cells. These are most likely

A

Neutrophils

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36
Q

Edema is a collection of fluid in an area of the body. What is the physiological change that causes edema?

A

Increased permeability of blood vessels.

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37
Q

What structure is not associated with innate immunity?

A

Antibodies

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38
Q

The epidermis

A

Contains the protein keratin

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39
Q

The ID50 for many pathogens is significantly smaller when testing with gnotobiotic animals compared to animals with normal microbiota. This is likely because of

A

Microbial antagonism

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40
Q

The respiratory system is protected against harmful microbes by all of the following except

A

The lacrimal apparatus

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41
Q

Which of the statements is not true or sebum

A

It raises the pH of the skin

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42
Q

One remarkable finding on a patient’s laboratory workup is a marked eosinophilia. This might be suggestive of

A

Either a parasitic infection or an allergic reaction

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43
Q

Which of these structures are not part of the mononuclear phagocytic system

A

Lymphocytes

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44
Q

What is not true for bacterial destruction by phagocytosis?

A

Myeloperoxidase in the lysosomes is involved in the formation of HOCl

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45
Q

The stage of phagocytosis in which the phagocyte’s plasma membrane attaches to the surface of the microbe is called

A

Adherence

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46
Q

Activation of the complement cascade

A

Can cause the infecting microbe to be killed by lysis

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47
Q

Complement can be activated by all but

A

The presence of a host tissue

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48
Q

Assume you mis red blood cells, antibodies against red blood cells, and complement in a test tube. What would happen?

A

Lysis of the red blood cells

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49
Q

Complement component C3, in the classical pathway, is split by

A

C2aC4b

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50
Q

Which occurs first, setting in motion the remaining events?

A

Toll-like receptors in macrophages and dendritic cells attach to pathogen-associated microbial patterns on invading microorganisms

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51
Q

Interferons

A

A host-specific but not virus-specific

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52
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

It is nonspecific, and is made up of the defenses present at birth.
Host defenses that afford protection against any kind of pathogen

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53
Q

Innate immunity has

A 
Physical barriers 
Chemical barriers 
Mechanical barriers 
Inflammation 
Phagocytosis 
Complement 
Interferon
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54
Q

How do normal microbiota protect us?

A

Provide competition for nutrients that helps prevent potential pathogens from colonizing tissues.

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55
Q

What is a differential white blood cell count

A

The number of each kind of leukocyte in a sample of 100 leukocytes

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56
Q

Monocytes develop into

A

Macrophages

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57
Q

First line of defense in innate immunity

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Normal microbiota

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58
Q

2nd line of defense in innate immunity

A

Phagocytic white blood cells
Inflammation
Antimicrobial compounds

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59
Q

3rd line defenses of innate immunity

A

Adaptive immune response

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60
Q

Tightly packed skin cells are what kind of barrier?

A

Mechanical

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61
Q

Mucous membranes use what kind of mechanisms?

A

Flushing mechanisms

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62
Q

What protects lungs from particles?

A

A chemical barrier called the ciliary escalator

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63
Q

Antimicrobial chemical factors in skin and mucous membranes

A
  • Skin: forms sebum, which lowers pH and inhibits microbial growth
  • Gastric juice: in stomach with pH between 1 & 3
  • perspiration and tears: contain lysozyme, an enzyme that damages the peptoglycan in bacterial cell walls.
64
Q

Lysozyme:

A

An enzyme that damages the peptoglycan in bacterial cell walls

65
Q

White blood cells consist of

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytosis

66
Q

Granulocytes are / consist of

A

Primarily pathogenic and consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

67
Q

Agranulocytes consist of

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

68
Q

What percent of white blood cells are neutrophils and what are basophils

A

Neutrophils: 60-70%
Basophils: <1%

69
Q

Dendritic cells are

A

White blood cells that are not found in blood, but in skin, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes. Help to initiate immune responses

70
Q

Phagocytic cells are primarily

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

71
Q

Phagocytic cells can

A

Pass through blood capillary walks to reach sites of infection in the tissues. Engulf microbes by phagocytosis

72
Q

Phagocytosis is defined as:

A

The ingestion of solid material by a eukaryotic cell

73
Q

The phagocytes of the immune system include

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

74
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A 
Chemotaxis 
Adherence 
Ingestion 
Digestion 
Elimination (exocytosis)
75
Q

What would be a chemotactic chemical attracting a phagocyte to a site of infection?

A

Peptide from the complement system

76
Q

Which step of phagocytosis is enhanced by opsonins

A

Adherence

77
Q

Which describes a process involving phagolysosomes?

A

Fusion between a phagosome and a lysosome, digestion of bacterium in 10-30 minutes, fusion with the plasma membrane during elimination

78
Q

Antigen processing a presentation occurs during

A

Elimination

79
Q

What is fever?

A

An abnormally high body temperature, a third component of the second line of defense

80
Q

What is the most frequent cause of fever?

A

Infection from bacteria or viruses

81
Q

Antibodies are what?

A

Proteins

82
Q

7 steps of phagocytosis

A
  • Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  • ingestion of microbe to phagocyte
  • Formation of phagosome
  • Fusion of phagosome with a lysosomes to form a phagolysosome
  • Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
  • Formation of residual body containing indigestible materials
  • Discharge of waste materials
83
Q

Antimicrobial peptide

A

An antibiotic that is bactericidal and has a broad spectrum of activity

84
Q

Natural killer cell

A

A lymphoid cell that destroys tumor cells and virus-infected cells

85
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

Complement proteins C5-C9, which together make lesions in cell membranes that lead to cell death

86
Q

Fimbria

A

An appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment

87
Q

Histamine

A

A substance released by tissue cells that causes vasodilation, capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction

88
Q

Granzymes

A

Proteins that induce apoptosis

89
Q

Cytokine

A

A small protein released from human cells that regulates the immune response; directly or indirectly may induce fever, pain, or T cell proliferation

90
Q

PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

A

Molecules present on pathogens and not self

91
Q

Abscess

A

A localized accumulation of pus

92
Q

Hematopoeisis

A

The formation of blood cells

93
Q

Eosinophils

A

A granulocyte whose granules take up the stain eosin

94
Q

Resistance

A

The ability to ward off diseases through innate and adaptive immunity

95
Q

Leukotriene

A

A substance produced by mast cells and basophils that causes increased permeability of blood vessels and helps phagocytes attach to pathogens

96
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A leukocyte involved in specific immune responses

97
Q

Complement

A

A group of serum proteins involved in phagocytosis and lysis of bacteria

98
Q

TCRs (T cell receptors)

A

Molecules on T cells that recognize antigens

99
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Membranes that line the body openings, including the intestinal tract, open to the exterior; also called mucosa

100
Q

Interferon

A

A specific group of cytokines. Alpha and beta interferons are antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells in a response to a viral infection. Gamma-IFN stimulates macrophage activity

101
Q

Protein kinase

A

An enzyme that activates another protein by adding a p from ATP

102
Q

Phagosome

A

Food vacuole of a phagocyte; also called a phagocytic vesicle

103
Q

Lectin

A

Carbohydrate-binding proteins on a cell, not an antibody

104
Q

Kinin

A

A substance released from tissue cells that causes vasodilation

105
Q

Perforin

A

A protein that makes a pore in a target cell membrane, released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes

106
Q

Inflammation symptoms

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain

107
Q

What does inflammation do?

A

Rapidly confines and destroys infectious agents. Damaged tissue can be repaired and replaced. Begins w injury, excessive heat, or harsh chemicals.

108
Q

Steps of inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Chemical signals attract phagocytes
  3. Tissue repair
109
Q

Two types of antimicrobial groups

A

Complement system and interferons

110
Q

Three pathways in complement system

A

1st/classical pathway: requires specific antibodies, antibody production occurs in adaptive immunity
2nd & 3rd: do not require antibodies. Activated when serum proteins bind microbial polysaccharides and initiate the complement cascade. Activation of this causes lysis of microbes

111
Q

What do interferons do?

A

Interfere with replication or viruses and other pathogens

112
Q

Types of interferons

A

Alpha, beta, and gamma

113
Q

How are alpha and beta interferons produced?

A

By cells infected w viruses

114
Q

How are gamma interferons produced?

A

By lymphocytes.

115
Q

Fixed macrophage

A

A macrophage that is located in a certain organ or tissue. Aka a histiocyte

116
Q

Free (wandering) macrophage

A

A macrophage that leaves the blood and migrates to infected tissue

117
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Forms in response to the specific pathogens that you encounter during your life

118
Q

What are antigens?

A

Something that stimulates an immune response

119
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease in certain WBC levels

120
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in certain WBC levels

121
Q

5 antibody classes

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
122
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immunity produced by antibodies dissolved in body fluids, mediated by B cells; also called antibody-mediated immunity

123
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein produced by the body in response to an antigen, and capable of combing specifically with that antigen

124
Q

B cell

A

A type of lymphocyte, differentiates into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells

125
Q

B cells are named for what?

A

The bursa of Fabricius.

126
Q

What is the site of creation and maturation of B cells?

A

The red bone marrow

127
Q

T cells

A

Type of lymphocyte that develops from a steel cell processed in the thymus gland. That is responsible for cell-‘delayed immunity.

128
Q

Cellular immunity

A

An immune response that involves T cells binding to antigens presented on antigen-presenting cells; T cells differentiate into several types of effector T cells. Also called cell-mediated immunity b

129
Q

Where do T and B cells develop from?

A

Stem cells in the bone marrow.

130
Q

T cells mature under the influence of the

A

Thymus

131
Q

Where are B and T cells primarily found?

A

Blood and lymphoid organs.

132
Q

Antibody: IgG

A

About 80% of all antibodies in serum. Cross walls of blood vessels and enter tissue fluids in areas of inflammation. Can cross placenta to confer passive immunity to fetus. Protect against circulating bacteria and viruses, neutralize bacterial toxins, trigger the complement system, and when bound to antigens enhance effectiveness of phagocytic cells

133
Q

Antibodies: IgM

A

M refers to macro, large. Make up 6% of antibodies in serum. Has a petarme structure consisting of five monomers held together by a polypeptide called a joining chain. Does not move as freely due to size, generally remain in blood vessels. Causes clumping or cells and viruses

134
Q

Why is IgM valuable in diagnosing a disease?

A

It appears first in response to a primary infection and is relatively short lived

135
Q

Antibodies: IgA

A

13% of antibodies in serum, but is most common form in mucous membranes and in secretions such as mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk. Monomer
Is present in breast milk and can help protect infant from gastrointestinal infections

136
Q

Antibodies: IgD

A

Only about .02% of serum antibodies. Structure resembles IgG. Found in blood, lymph, and particularly on the surface of B cells. Assist in immune response on B cells

137
Q

Antibodies: IgEs.

A

Slightly larger than IgG. Only .002% of serum antibodies. Bind tightly by their Fc regions to receptors on mart cells and basophils. Mediates allergies. Get rid of parasites

138
Q

Actively acquired immunity:

A

When a person is exposed to a microorganism or foreign substance and the immune system responds

139
Q

Passively acquired immunity:

A

Acquired passively when antibodies are transferred from one person to another.

140
Q

Vaccination

A

The process of conferring immunity by administering a vaccine; also called immunization

141
Q

What do antibodies react with?

A

Antigens

142
Q

Plasma cell

A

A cell that an activated B cell differentiates into; plasma cells manufacture special antibodies

143
Q

Memory cells

A

Long lived, responsible for the enhanced secondary response to an antigen

144
Q

Self-tolerance

A

The immune system’s ability to discriminate self from nonself

145
Q

A T-cell will attack its own tissue cells without

A

Self tolerance

146
Q

What are the four types of hypersensitivities

A

I: allergy
II: cytotoxins
III: immune complex toxins
IV: delayed hypersensitivity

147
Q

Which hypersensitivities can cause autoimmunity?

A

Types II-IV

148
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

When immune system attacks itself

149
Q

Is the sensitizing exposure always the first exposure to an antigen?

A

No, an allergy can develop any time of life

150
Q

Sensitizing exposure:

A

Body creates antibodies against an antigen

151
Q

Desensitization

A

Body begins to create IgG antibodies to antigen which compete with IgE antibodies.

152
Q

IgE antibodies activate:

A

Basophils

153
Q

In type II hypersensitive (cytotoxins)

A

IgG and/or IgM antibodies bind to antigen

154
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

An Rh- mom carries and Rh+ baby, mom becomes sensitized to Rh factor potentially, first baby is fine. 2nd pregnancy w Rh- baby, antibodies cross placenta and attack baby’s red blood cells, becomes severely anemic. Can result in miscarriage or other issues.

155
Q

How can HDN be prevented?

A

Prenatal care, given medicine called Rh immunoglobulin which can stop antibodies from reacting to your baby’s Rh+ cells

156
Q

Passive immunity is ______ while active immunity is ______

A

Temporary; long term

157
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity (delayed hypersensitivity) mediated by?

A

T-cells

Microbiology (5 decks)

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