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Microbiology > Final 2 Immunology > Flashcards

Final 2 Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of B cells:

A
  • effector
  • plasma
  • memory
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2
Q

Types of T cells:

A

• CD4+ type
-helper T cells: TH1 &TH2

•CD8+ types
-cytotoxic

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3
Q

What are NK cells?

A

A type of lymphocyte involved in immunity but does not confer specific immunity

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4
Q

Antigen receptors:

A

Recognize small part of antigen

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5
Q

Antigen receptors in B cells

A

Surface antibodies (immunoglobulins)

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6
Q

Antigen receptors in T cells

A

T-cell antigen receptors

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7
Q

Clonal selection

A

A B cell recognizes antigen, only cell which reacts with antigen epitope becomes activated

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8
Q

How are T cells activated?

A

When it’s antigen recptor binds antigen carries by the MHC molecule on the antigen-presenting cell

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9
Q

What is the role of the MHC cell?

A

To ensure that T cells only respond to foreign antigens and do not respond to “self” antigens

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10
Q

How are B cells activated?

A

Antigen binds to the B cell receptors

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11
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production

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12
Q

Clonal deletion

A

The deactivation of B cells and T cells after they have expressed receptors for self-antigens and before they develop into fully immunocompetent lymphocytes

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13
Q

What is the first antibody to appear in an immune response?

A

ImM

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14
Q

What are the antibodies produced in response to a second exposure of an antigen

A

IgG

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15
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Proliferate and produce cytokines that provide signals to activate macrophages, B cells, and other T cells

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16
Q

What is the major histocompatibility complex? (MHC)

A

Special antigen-presenting molecules that ensure that T cells only respond to foreign antigens and do not respond to self antigens

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17
Q

What types of cells express MHC class 1?

A

All nucleated cells

Includes CD4 and CD8

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18
Q

What types of cells express MHCII?

A

Antigen presenting cells (not CD4 or CD8)

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19
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells mature into?

A

CTL’s capable of killing cells infected with intercellular pathogens

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20
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Attack and destroy cell infected with a cytosolic pathogen

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21
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

The ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to a pathogen that has been encountered previously

22
Q

Ts/ t suppressor cells

A

Certain CD8+ cell population help in regulation of immunological reaction

23
Q

Td cells

A

Are delayed T cells, delayed expression of their activity. They serve as non specific effectors of inflammation

24
Q

How are primary and secondary immune responses different?

A

Primary response forms IgM antibodies first, followed by IgG. The secondary response shows and immediate increase in the IgG titer

25
Q

Primary immune response:

A

Antibody production in response to the first contact with an antigen

26
Q

Secondary response

A

Memory response

27
Q

What is immunological tolerance?

A

Failure to mount an immune response to an antigen, failure to attack the body’s own proteins and antigens. W/out it an autoimmune disease may result.

28
Q

Properties of ideal vaccine

A
  • Provide long lasting immunity
  • Should induce both humoral and cellular immunity
  • Should not induce autoimmunity or hypersensitivity
  • Should be inexpensive to produce, easy to store and administer
  • Must also be perceived to be safe
29
Q

Hay fever, asthma, and synthetic anaphylaxis are examples of

A

Type I hypersensitivity

30
Q

When an individual receives a blood transfusion, the blood types must be matched appropriately. If the blood types are incorrectly marched, an allergic reaction can occur. These are defined as

A

Type II

31
Q

Anaphylactic shock (systemic anaphylaxis)

A

A hypersensitive reaction causing vasodilation and resulting in shock

32
Q

How is anaphylactic shock caused?

A

When an individual is sensitized to an antigen and is exposed to it again.

33
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Involves IgE antibodies, made cells, and basophils. It is the reactions caused when certain antigens combine with IgE antibodies.

34
Q

What is a transfusion reaction?

A

A cytotoxic hypersensitivity in which red blood cells are destroyed as a result of reacting with circulating antibodies

35
Q

Characteristics of type I

A

IgE binds to mast cells or basophils, causes degranulation of mast cell or basophils & release of reactive substances such as histamine. Ex anaphylactic shock

36
Q

Characteristics of type II

A

Antigen causes formation of IgM and IgG that bind to target cell, destroys target cell wen combined with action of complement. Ex. Transfusion reactions, Rh incompatibility

37
Q

Characteristics of type III

A

Antibodies and antigens form complexes that cause damaging inflammation. Ex. Arthus reactions, serum sickness

38
Q

Type IV characteristics

A

Antigen activate Tc that kills target cells

Ex. Rejection of transplanted tissues, contact dermatitis such as poison ivy, certain chronic disease such as tb

39
Q

Thrombocytopenic purpura

A

Blood platelets are destroyed by drug-induced cytotoxic reactions.

40
Q

When do immune complexes form?

A

When certain ratios of antigen and antibody occur

41
Q

autograft

A

A tissue graft from oneself

42
Q

Isograft

A

A tissue graft from a genetically identical source, ex. An identical twin

43
Q

Allograft

A

A tissue graft that is not from a genetically identical donor ex not from self or identical twin

44
Q

Xenografts

A

A tissue graft from another species

45
Q

Graft-versus-host disease

A

A condition that occurs when a transplanted tissue has an immune response to the tissue recipient

46
Q

Eczema (atopic dermatitis)

A

Patches of skin become rough and inflamed, with blisters that cause itching and bleeding, sometimes resulting from a reaction to irritation but more typically have no obvious external cause

47
Q

Atopy

A

Syndrome characterized by a tendency to be hyperallergic. Tyler has eczema(atopic dermatitis), allergic rhinitis (hay raver), or allergic asthma

48
Q

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

A

Type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Signs and symptoms include runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy and weary eyes, swelling around eyes

49
Q

How to lower chance of transplant rejection?

A

Suppress the normal immune response

50
Q

Congenital immunodeficiency

A

The inability due to genotype to produce specific antibodies or T cells. People are born with it. Ex. DiGeorge syndrome

51
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency

A

The inability, obtained during life, to produce specific antibodies or T cells. Due to drugs or disease. Ex. Hodkin’s lymphoma

Microbiology (5 decks)

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