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Systems Path 1 > Final Exam: Heart > Flashcards

Final Exam: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Heart overloaded by pressure

A

HTN heart disease

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2
Q

___ metabolic demands and no ___ in blood Supply causes eventual cardiac decompensation in

A

Increase

Increase

HTN heart disease

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3
Q

Systemic hypertensive heart disease

A

L side disease

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4
Q

Pulmonary hypertensive heart disease

A

R side disease

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5
Q

Types of hypertensive heart disease

A

Systemic

Pulmonary

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6
Q

Complications of systemic HTN heart disease

A

CHF
Arrhythmia
Stroke
Renal failure

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7
Q

LV hypertrophy causes

A

Increase in myocyte diameter and fibrosis

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8
Q

Types of pulmonary HTN heart disease

A

Acute

Chronic

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9
Q

Acute pulmonary HTN heart disease

A

Large PE (saddle embolism)

Obstructs >50% pulmonary A

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10
Q

Chronic pulmonary HTN heart disease

A

Prolonged lung pathology

Gradual Hypertrophy

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11
Q

Prevention of heart disease according to AHA

A
  1. Keep low BP
  2. Control cholesterol
  3. Keep low blood sugar
  4. Active
  5. Heart healthy diet
  6. Healthy body weight
  7. Don’t smoke
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12
Q

Systemic hypertensive heart disease can be reversible by

A

BP management

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13
Q

Pulmonary HTN heart disease due to

A

Lung pathology

CF, PE, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD

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14
Q

R sided heart failure due to something in lungs causing pulmonary HTN

A

Cor pulmonale

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15
Q

MC pulmonary HTN heart disease

A

Chronic

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16
Q

Murmur

A

Turbulent flow through disease valve

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17
Q

Thrill

A

Type of murmur

Turbulence that causes palpable vibration

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18
Q

Stenosis can be due to ___ or ___

A

Calcification

Fibrosis

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19
Q

Insufficiency of valves can be due to ___ or ___

A

Valvular destruction

Abnormal supportive structures

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20
Q

Valvular heart disease can be due to

A

Stenosis

Insufficiency

Murmurs

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21
Q

Common cause of murmur

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

2% of all live births

Early calcification.

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22
Q

MC cause of aortic valve stenosis

A

Calcific aortic stenosis

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23
Q

Late calcific aortic stenosis

A

LV Hypertrophy

Ca = severe stenosis

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24
Q

Early calcific aortic stenosis

A

Asymptomatic

Murmur, low CO

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25
Q

Calcific aortic stenosis MC in ages

A

70-80

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26
Q

Risks for calcific aortic stenosis

A

HTN
Infection
Inflammation
High cholesterol

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27
Q

___ can cause early onset (age 40) of calcific aortic stenosis

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

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28
Q

Rheumatic valvular disease causes eventual

A

Valve destruction

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29
Q

Rheumatic valvular Disease MC ages

A

5-15 due to pharyngitis (2-3 weeks post strep infection)

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30
Q

3% of untreated strep throat progresses to

A

Rheumatic fever

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31
Q

GABHS infection causes

A

Rheumatic valvular Disease

After strep throat exposure

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32
Q

Jones criteria for rheumatic fever

A 
Joints (polyarteritis)
Carditis 
Nodules 
Erythema marginatum 
Sydenham chorea
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33
Q

Erythema marginatum

A

Red rings on torso or limbs

Skin rash component of rheumatic fever

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34
Q

Migratory polyarteritis from RF MC in

A

Adults

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35
Q

Carditis from RF MC in

A

Children

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36
Q

Sydenham’s chorea observed in RF involves damage to

A

Corpus striatum of basal ganglia

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37
Q

Rheumatic mitral stenosis involves what appearance?

A

Fish-mouth or buttonhole

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38
Q

70% of cases of rheumatic valvular Disease involve

A

Mitral valve

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39
Q

25% of rheumatic valvular Disease involve

A

Aortic valve

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40
Q

What is most likely to cause valvular fusion?

A

Rheumatic valvular disease

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41
Q

T/F

Most cases of untreated strep cause rheumatic valvular disease

A

False

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42
Q

Aschoff bodies

A

Nodules formed with long term RVD

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43
Q

Scarlet fever MC in

A

Children

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44
Q

Scarlet fever caused by ___ 1-4 days after strep throat (untreated)

45
Q

Erythrogenic toxin

A

Toxin released in scarlet fever

46
Q

Signs of scarlet fever

A

Pink punctuate rash

Sandpaper-like chest, neck, thighs

Circumpolar pallor

Fever

Red tongue

47
Q

Infective endocarditis MC due to

A

Bacteria

Also can be from fungi or viral

48
Q

Infective endocarditis can lead to lethal

A

Arrhythmia

Renal failure

49
Q

Bulky and friable growths observed in infective endocarditis

A

Vegetations

50
Q

Acute infective endocarditis

A

Destructive, difficult to treat

Virulent staph Aureus

51
Q

Subacute infective endocarditis

A

Low virulence, easy to treat

Damages tissue, low virulent strep. Viridans

52
Q

Infective endocarditis MC on

A

Left-sided valves

Aortic and mitral

53
Q

Source of infection for infective endocarditis

A

Skin infection
Dental procedures
Surgery

54
Q

Infective endocarditis ___ if untreated

55
Q

Treatment for infective endocarditis

A

Long term antibiotics

Valve replacement

56
Q

Prosthetic cardiac valves are all prone to

A

Infection

20% of infective endocarditis cases

57
Q

MC prosthetic cardiac valves

A

Mechanical

58
Q

Mechanical prosthetic cardiac valves

A

Tilting disc
Anticoagulation
Blender effect

59
Q

Bioprosthetic prosthetic cardiac valves

A

Porcine, bovine, human
Non anticoagulation
Ca —> stenosis

60
Q

Cardiomyopathies are MC

A

Idiopathic

61
Q

3 main categories of cardiomyopathies

A

Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive

62
Q

MC cardiomyopathy

A

Dilated (90%)

63
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy MC ages

64
Q

Risks of dilated cardiomyopathy

A 
Genetic 
Viral infections 
Toxins (alcohol) 
Hemochromatosis 
Low thiamine
65
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy causes

A

Progressive dilation of all chambers

```
Systolic dysfunction
Dyspnea and fatigue
~~~

66
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are result of

A

Genetic mutations

MC beta myosin

67
Q

Diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy

A

50% 2 year survival

68
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy mimics

69
Q

Causes 1/3 of SCD among adolescent athletes

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

70
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes

A

Hyper-contractile sarcomeres

  • won’t relax
  • massive LV Hypertrophy
  • low CO
71
Q

25% of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have

A

LV outflow obstruction

72
Q

Septum thicker than outer wall observed in

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

73
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy MC after

74
Q

“Harsh” murmur, “banana-like” LV and massive Hypertrophy observed in

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

75
Q

Least common cardiomyopathy

A

Restrictive

76
Q

Muscular dystrophy will causes which form of cardiomyopathy

77
Q

Binge drinking is most likely to be associated with which form of cardiomyopathy

78
Q

Stiff myocardium resulting in diastolic dysfunction is characteristic of which cardiomyopathy

A

Restrictive

79
Q

Senile cardiac amyloidosis is MC in what population

A

African Americans (4X)

80
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy can be due to what 2 things?

A

Senile cardiac amyloidosis

Endomyocardial fibrosis

81
Q

Endomyocardial fibrosis MC in

A

Children in tropics

Malnutrition + helminth infection

82
Q

Heart wall inflammation

A

Myocarditis

83
Q

Myocarditis can be due to what 2 things

A

Viral infection (MC in US)

Non viral causes

84
Q

Viral infections causing myocarditis can be due to

A

Coxsackievirus A and B
HIV
CMV
Flu

85
Q

Non viral causes of myocarditis

A

SLE
Chagas
Lyme
Toxoplasmosis

86
Q

Pericardial inflammation

A

Pericarditis

87
Q

Primary pericarditis

A

MC viral

Bacterial
Fungal

88
Q

Secondary pericarditis

A 
MI 
Surgery 
Irradiation 
RF
SLE
Cancer
89
Q

Atypical chest pain and friction rub is indicative of ____, which can be life threatening

A

Pericarditis

90
Q

Beck’s triad

A

Low BP
JVD (distended neck veins)
Muffled heart sounds

91
Q

Myocarditis causes cardiac tissue to

A

Be swollen
Pale
Flabby

92
Q

Atypical chest pain

A

Pain that increases with pressure

Relieved when leaning forward

Less likely to refer out to other parts of body

93
Q

Pericarditis can be due to

A

Cardiac tamponade

Constrictive pericarditis

94
Q

Constrictive pericarditis sign

A

“Squeaky leather” friction rub

95
Q

Cardiac tumors Mets to

96
Q

Cardiac neoplasms are rare and ____ benign

97
Q

MC cancer that Mets to heart

98
Q

Adult cardiac neoplasm

A

Myxoma (MC)
Fibroma
Lipoma

99
Q

Children cardiac neoplasms

A

Rhabdomyoma

Associated with tuberous sclerosis

100
Q

Myxoma

A

MC primary cardiac neoplasm in adults

101
Q

90% of myxoma near

A

Fossa ovalis of LA

102
Q

Myxoma can be ___ and damage valve

103
Q

Gelatinous appearance describes

104
Q

Myxomas are commonly isolated and ____

105
Q

Transplant rejection

A

Fever
T cell attack

Low CO
Possible arrhythmia

106
Q

Allograft arteriopathy

A

Stenosis of coronary arteries

Long term limitation

Silent MI
CHF
Arrhythmia

107
Q

Immunosuppressive meds for cardiac transplantation can cause

A

Increase in opportunistic infection

Increase in malignancy

108
Q

Myxomas can secrete ___, resulting in fever

109
Q

Cardiac transplants are used to treat

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

CHF

Systems Path 1 (12 decks)

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