Final Exam Deck Flashcards
What is sun example of negative correlation?
The greater the stress, the poorer the health
Why is it sometimes useful to conduct double-blind studies?
Researchers may have expectations that affect their observations
In what type of sample are subgroups in the population represented proportionally?
Stratified
Systematic desensitization
Method of overcoming fears by pairing a pleasing stimulus with a feared one
Classical conditioning
Simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth the response usually called forth by another stimulus
Encoding
The first memory process where you are transforming information so that the nervous system can process it
State-dependent memory
Recalling information while experiencing the same emotions as when you first learned the information
What are the three processes of memory?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
Iconic memory
Visual sensory memory
Semantic memory
Knowledge we already know but do not know where it came from
- where our knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meaning
Memory
The process by which we recollect prior experiences, information and skills learned in the past
Storage
The memory process that maintains encoded information over a period of time
George Miller discovered that short-term memory is limited to about how many items?
7
Episodic memory
Memory of an event
- pain of a broken leg
Facts learned in school become apart of what type of memory?
Semantic
What is the drawback of Maintenon rehearsal?
It does joy connect to past learning
Context dependent memory
Memories when you return to a place
Sensory memory
First stage of information storage
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar or manageable units
How long can information be retained in short-term memory?
Ten to twelve seconds
What must happen in order to remember info for more than a short while?
It must be transferred from working to long term memory
How does paying attention contribute to information storage?
Causes the transfer of information from sensory memory to short-term memory
What is one reason long term memories are not always reliable?
They have gaps cause by interference
Schemes
Organizing information into mental representations of the world to remember it
How do schemes impact long term memory?
Schemes influence the ways people store why they perceive
Retrograde amnesia
Don’t remember before
Anterograde amnesia
Don’t remember after
Lloyd and Margaret Peterson
Interference
Wilder penfield
Thought stimulating parts of the brain could bring back memories
Elizabeth Loftus
Said that Penfield was wrong
Loftus and Palmer
Car crash. Schemas
Herman Ebbinghaus
Forgetting curve
Maintenon rehearsal and acoustic coding
- nonsense syllables
Eidetic memory
Photographic memory
- can Reiner stimuli over long periods of time
What are the four strategies for improving memory?
Drill and pratcice, relate to existing information, form unusual associations, mnemonic devices
Operant conditioning
Form of learning based on the consequence of actions
Chaining
Method of learning in which each step of a sequence links to another step until the final action is achieved
Programmed learning
Method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down int manageable parts and reinforcing bah bios that are close to the desired end
Secondary reinforcer
Learned and becomes effective by being paired with such reinforcers as food and shelter
Shaping
A method of teaching complex behaviors in which a person first reinforces small steps
Positive reinforcer
Increases the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is applied
Observational learning
Type of learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates others
Critical period
A point in time when it is most advantageous for a child to learn a particular task
Maturation
Physical development
Gross motor development
Learning to crawl
Large muscles
Babinski Reflex
A baby’s toes curl when their feet are touched
Moro reflex
Babies are scared of loud noises and scary things
Rooting reflex
Babies turn their head to things that touch their cheeks
John lock
Babies are born blank slates
What does john b Watson and other behaviorists believe about development?
Nurture is the most important influence on development
Motor development
The development of purposeful movement
Assimilation
New information is placed in categories that already exist
Post conventional
Level or moral reasoning in which moral judgments reflect ones personal values
Accommodation
Change brought about because of new information
Yellow bile
Choleric personality: quick tempered
Blood
Sanguine personality: warm and cheerful
Phlegm
Phlegmatic personality: sluggish and cool disposition
Black bile
Melancholic personality: thoughtful temperament
Eysenck
Two personality dimensions:
- introversion verses extroversion
- emotional stability verses emotional instability
Agreeableness
Kindness trust warmth verses hostility selfishness distrust
Conscientiousness
Organization thoroughness reliability verses carelessness negligence unreliably
Emotional stability verses instability
Reliability coping ability verses nervousness moodiness sensitivity to negative events
Openness to experience
Imagination curiosity creativity verses shallowness and lack of perspectives
Regression
Returning to behavior that is characteristic of an earlier stage of development
Oral stage
First year
- explore by putting things in mouths
Anal stage
Learn to control body functions
Phallic stage
Discover differences in boys and girls
Latency stage
Retreat from conflict
Genital stage
No major conflicts
Become aware of gender identity
Carl Jung
Archetypes
Self
Center of human psyche
Persona
Public self
Alfred alder
Inferiority co flex
Karen horney
Greatest influences
Ericsson
People are capable of consciously making real and meaningful choices
Stage 1
Trust verses mistrust- 0-1
- coming to trust mother and environment
- associate surroundings with feelings of inner kindness
Stage 2
Autonomy verses shame and doubt- 2-3
- developing the desire to make choices and self control
Stage 3
Initiative verses guilt- 4-5
- adding planning and attack
- becoming active
Industry verses inferiority- 6-12
- becoming eagerly absorbed in skills tasks and productivity
Mastering the fundamental of technology
Stage 4
Stage 5
Adolescence- 13-18
-connecting skills and social roles to formation of personal and career objectives
Stage 6
-
Intimacy verses isolation
- committing oneself to another person
Stage 7
Generativity verses stagnation
- needing to be needed
- guiding and encouraging the younger generation
- creative
