Chapter 10 Section 3 Flashcards
Mary Ainsworth
- Infants prefer being held or being with someone
- 4 months infants develop specific attachments to main caregivers (usually mothers)
Attachment
Emotional ties that form between people
Stranger anxiety
- 8 months
- fear of strangers
Separation anxiety
- 8 months
- act in ways of distress if mother leaves
Contact comfort
Instinctual need to touch and bet touched by something soft
Harry Harlow
Put infant monkeys in cages with 2 moms
- went to the mother with terry cloth over the wire mother with bottle
Harlow and Zimmerman
Placed scary toys in cages with infant monkeys
- monkeys with wire mothers cringe in fear
- monkeys with terry cloth cringe but eventually explored
Imprinting
Process by which some animals from immediate attachments during a critical perio
Secure attachment
- primary caregivers are affectionate and reliable
- bonded to caregivers
- cry or protest when caregivers leave
- welcome caregiver back
Insecure attachment
- Caregivers are unresponsive or unreliable
- don’t mind when caregiver leaves
- make no effort to seek contact when caregiver returns
- May cry when picked up
Autism
Developmental disorder that prevents children from forming a proper attachment to others
- difficulty processing sensory info
- limits communication
- prevents social, cognitive, behavioral, and physical development
Signs of autism in infants
- may go limp or become stiff or rigid when held
- cry when picked up
- do not notice from parents (no attachment)
- show no stranger anxiety
Warm parents
- Show affection for children
- show that they are happy to spend time with them
Cold parents
- Not affectionate
- do not enjoy children as much
Children of warm parents
- well adjusted
- more likely to develop a conscience
Children of cold parents
More interested in escaping punishment than doing the right thing
Strict parents
- Impose many rules and supervise children closely
- cannot tolerate disorder
- fear kids will run wild and get into trouble
- can foster achievement and self control
Permissive parents
- impose fewer rules and watch kids less closely
- less concentrated on neatness and cleanliness
- believe kids need freedom to explore themselves
- less concerned or have little time to monitor kids behavior
Authoritative parent
Combine warmth with age appropriate rules and responsibilities
- kids are more independent and achievement oriented
- kids feel better about themselves
Authoritarian
Believe in obedience for its own sake
- strict guidelines
- kids may be resistant or depend on other people
- not do well in school
- less friendly and spontaneous
Abuse includes…
Physical, sexual, and psychological
Physical abuse
Assault
- can include alcohol and illegal drug exposure
- things that leave a mark
Sexual abuse
Sexual victimization or exploitation of a child by older child, adolescent, or adult
- 80% of cases by someone they know
Neglect
Failure to give a child adequate food, shelter, clothing, and emotional support and schooling
Why do parents abuse or neglect?
- stress do to unemployment and poverty -history of abuse
- accept violence to cope withs stress
- no attachment
- substance abuse
- Rigid attitudes about child rearing
Abused kids are at risk for…..
Anxiety
Depression
Low self esteem
What are the effects of full time daycare according to one study?
- show less distress when mother leaves
- less likely to seek mom when she returns
- more likely to share toys
- more independent, outgoing
What negative effects do studies on full time daycare show?
- kids are less cooperative and more aggressive
- don’t receive individual attention
Self esteem
Value or worth that people attach to themselves
Carl Rogers
Came up with unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard
Unconditional positive regard
Parents love and accept child no matter how they behave
- leads to high self esteem
Conditional positive regard
Parents show love only when child behaves in certain acceptable ways
- low self esteem
What is self esteem based on in ages 5-7?
Physical appearance and performance in school
- girls reading and general academics
- boys math and physical skills
What is the low point of self esteem?
Elementary school ages 12 or 13
When does self esteem increase again?
Adolescence
What is the myth of self esteem?
- High self esteem does not lead to higher grades
- Getting good grades promotes high self esteem
- bullies actually have high self esteem
