Chapter 10 Section 1 And 2

Question 0

Why study infancy in childhood?

Answer 0

• Childhood experiences affect people later in life
• studying early stages help psychologists learn about developmental problems
• look at psychological, social and cognitive development

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

Field in which psychologists study how people grow and change throughout their lifespan

Question 2

Longitudinal method

Answer 2

Select a group of participants and observe some same groups over time

Question 3

Cross-sectional method

Answer 3

Select a sample that includes people of different ages

Question 4

Nature

Answer 4

Heredity

Question 5

Nurture

Answer 5

Environment

Question 6

Maturation

Answer 6

Automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals

Question 7

Critical period

Answer 7

Stage or point in development during which a person is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior pattern

Question 8

Arnold Gesel

Answer 8

Felt maturation played most important role

Question 9

John Watson

Answer 9

Focused on behaviorism

Question 10

John Locke

Answer 10

Said infants were blank slates

• the environment will help them write experiences on slates
• environmental explanations for behavior: nutrition, family background, culture and learning experiences, community, school

Question 11

Stages

Answer 11

Like climbing stairs (distinct levels)

Examples: sitting, walking, crawling

Question 12

Jean Piaget

Answer 12

Focused on cognitive development (happened in 4 stages)

Question 13

Erik Erikson

Answer 13

Focused on the role of social relationships ( took 8 stages to master)

Question 14

Continuity

Answer 14

Walking up an incline (gradual increase without top levels)

Question 15

J.H. Flavell

Answer 15

Said cognitive development is continuos

Question 16

Infancy

Answer 16

Birth to two years

Question 17

Childhood

Answer 17

Two years to adolescence

Question 18

Reflex

Answer 18

Involuntary reaction or response

- disappears when no longer needed

Question 19

Rooting reflex

Answer 19

Babies turn towards a stimuli that cheeks or mouth (leads to sucking and swallowing)

Question 20

Moro reflex

Answer 20

Babies withdraw from painful stimuli or loud noises

Question 21

Babinski reflex

Answer 21

Babies raise big toes when soles of feet are touched

Question 22

Motor development

Answer 22

Development of purposeful movement

Question 23

Gross motor

Answer 23

Coordinating major muscle groups

Question 24

Fine motor

Answer 24

Coordination of smaller muscles

Question 25

4 months babies can…

Answer 25

Grab and shake toys

Question 26

9 months babies can…

Answer 26

Pick up small objects between thumb and index finger

Question 27

1 year babies can…

Answer 27

Stack blacks or turn pages

Question 28

Perceptual development

Answer 28

Process by which infants learn to make sense of the sensations they are exposed to

Question 29

Robert Fantz said

Answer 29

Infants preferred pictures of human faces to other pictures

Question 30

Perceptual preferences at 5-10 weeks

Answer 30

Look at complex patterns

Question 31

Perceptual preferences at 15-20 weeks

Answer 31

Stare longer at face like patterns

Question 32

Visual cliff

Answer 32

Special structure with checkerboard pattern and sheet of glass with pattern a few feet below