FINAL EXAM (cultural terms)

Question 1

what are cultural universals?

Answer 1

globally-shared cultural practices.

Question 2

what is culture-shock?

Answer 2

confusion, disruption when encountering a new culture.

Question 3

what is ethnocentrism?

Answer 3

judging culture by applying another culture’s norms (ex. my culture is better than yours)

Question 4

what is cultural relativism?

Answer 4

a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on their own culture not be judged against the criteria of mine.

Question 5

what is cultural imperialism?

Answer 5

• the process and practice of promoting one culture over another (ex. colonization)
• one nation overpowers another country

Question 6

what is dominant culture?

Answer 6

cultural practice that is dominant within a society.

(ex. language, religion/ritual, social value and/or social custom)
- these features are often a norm for an entire society
- heteronormative culture maintains heterosexual as normal

Question 7

what is counter culture?

Answer 7

subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society

Question 8

what is high and low culture?

Answer 8

high culture: opera, classical music, fine art, gourmet foods.
low culture: popular music, tattoos, porn, comic books.

Question 9

what is cultural capital?

Answer 9

the accumulation of knowledge/behaviors/skills that one can tap into to demonstrate one’s cultural competence, and social status/standing in society.

Question 10

what is cultural production?

Answer 10

creating MATERIAL (tangible) objects, food, clothes and NON MATERIAL (intangible) symbols, beliefs, customs, behaviours.

Question 11

what is cooperation needed for?

Answer 11

for social interaction, creating shared values and norms.

Question 12

what are 3 things that goals do?

Answer 12

1) become something worthy of achieving
2) reinforce social norms
3) become internalized through socialization

Question 13

goals are more ______ than values.

Answer 13

TANGIBLE

Question 14

goals and values are _______.

Answer 14

INTERRELATED.

• achieving a goal often reflects a value.
• goals are often provided by values.

Question 15

goals provide ______.

Answer 15

GUIDANCE.

-get a good job, be fit, a good parent, follow tradition, etc.

Question 16

a _______ is something we culturally value.

Answer 16

VALUE. ex- we value education, honesty, bravery, owning a home, etc.

Question 17

what is conflict in values?

Answer 17

• substantive (task) and emotional (relationship).

- career success AND family time.

Question 18

when does culture conflict occur?

Answer 18

when one culture’s values clash with another.

Question 19

norms are _____/______ & ______/______.

Answer 19

VISIBLE/INVISIBLE & FORMAL/INFORMAL.

Question 20

what do norms do in social interactions?

Answer 20

structure social interactions. this means culture is normative (what is right and wrong, desirable or undesirable, just or unjust)

Question 21

what do norms do? (3 things)

Answer 21

1) REDUCE social conflicts/disruptions.
2) regulate internally/externally.
3) create disciplined and disciplining social actors.

Question 22

we’re rewarded for ‘being normal’ internally and externally by: (2 reasons)

Answer 22

1) experiencing internal pleasure by ‘doing the right thing’

2) experiencing external affirmation (approval of others)

Question 23

we’re disciplined for ‘being abnormal’ internally/externally by: (2 reasons)

Answer 23

1) experiencing internal guilt/shame.

2) experiencing external sanctions (getting dirty looks, social exclusion)

Question 24

what are the 4 fundamental freedoms that everyone has in canada? (canadian charter of rights and freedoms)

Answer 24

1) freedom of conscience and religion
2) freedom of though, belief, opinion, expression
3) freedom of peaceful assembly
4) freedom of association

Question 25

what is culture?

Answer 25

culture consists of the values, beliefs, language/communication, and practices that people share in common and can be used to define them as a collective.

Question 26

how do children learn truths?

Answer 26

through socialization through family, peers, school, elders.

Question 27

what do truths provide? (2 things)

Answer 27

1) framework to understand reality, stability, and solidarity.
2) action steps to solve problems, justify actions/rationales for work and social interactions.

Question 28

what do truths do?

Answer 28

the organize the world, guiding social, political, sexual, economic, and spiritual interactions.