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HLTH 340 > Final Exam Content > Flashcards

Final Exam Content Flashcards

1
Q

Some safe rules of foraging

A
  1. Trying one wild food at a time
  2. avoid plants with leaves that grow in groups of three
  3. Avoid plants with a strong disagreeable odor
    don’t assum that if an animal eats something, it isn’t poisonous to humans
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2
Q

Centers for conservation and research

A

Botanical Gardens

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3
Q

In situ

A

Plant species managed and monitored in natural habitats

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4
Q

Ex situ

A

plant species curated outside of natural habitats

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5
Q

Seed banking

A

the most efficient way to safeguard species

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6
Q

Crops that have suffered a great loss in genetic diversity

A

Brighamia Insignis
Quercus
Cycads

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7
Q

Metacollections

A

The combined holdings of a group of collections; envisioned as common resources help by separate
institutions but stewarded collaboratively for research and conservation purposes.

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8
Q

Nikolai Vavilov

A

Concept of Crop Center of Origin: geographical area where a group of plants were first domesticated

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9
Q

Swann Report, 1969

A

“We have concluded that
the administration of
antibiotics to farm
livestock, particularly at
sub-therapeutic levels,
poses certain hazards to
human and animal health”

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10
Q

Gene Banks

A

Provides opportunities for research, education, and public awareness, while also serving as “insurance populations” for species at risk of extinction

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11
Q

Keystone Species

A

shape the cultural identity of a people in diet, materials,
medicine, and/or spiritual practices

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12
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

accumulation of chemicals /
pollutants in living organisms over time. Where the rate of absorption exceeds rate of metabolism and excretion.

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13
Q

Biomonitoring

A

the systematic
measurement of
compounds and/or
detection of cell or cell
molecules alterations in
living organisms with the
purpose of identifying or
assessing potential
hazardous exposure and
effects to chemicals

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14
Q

Environmental Stewardship

A

THE RESPONSIBLE USE
AND PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN CONSERVATION EFFORTS AND SUSTAINABLE
PRACTICES BY INDIVIDUALS.

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15
Q

Dysbiosis

A

an imbalance in the microbial community, associated with negative health outcomes like gut inflammation and various diseases

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16
Q

Gnotobiotic

A

denotes an environment for rearing or culturing organisms in which all the microorganisms are either known or excluded

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17
Q

Gut inflammation

A

inflammation of gut lining; often associated with dysbiosis and other gastrointestinal diseases

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18
Q

Microbiota

A

the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that inhabit a specific environment, liek the human gut

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19
Q

Microbiome

A

the genetic material of the microbiota, encompassing all the microbial genes present in a given environment

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20
Q

Probiotic

A

Live organisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body

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21
Q

True or False: A gnotobiotic model always involves the use of gut probiotic organisms.

A

False

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22
Q

Entomophagy

A

the practice of eating insects

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23
Q

Sustainable agriculture

A

agricultural practices that meet current food needs without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs

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24
Q

True or False: the consumption of insects by humans constitutes a major source of nutrition, and these foods are eaten in more than 130 countries across the globe

A

True

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25
Q

Which of the following insects are not edible for humans?
- water bug
- termine
- caterpillar
- silk worm
- meal worm

A

none: all are edible

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26
Q

Which of the following apply to insect cultivation
- requires little space
- uses by-products of various crops
- produces many generations every year
- can provide many socioeconomic benefits as an agricultural industry, including labor absorption, supply of the domestic market, attraction of foreign currencies, and raising the living standard of rural populations
- shows good efficiency and conversion and can quickly transform their feed to weight increase

A
  • requires little space
  • uses by-products of various crops
  • produces many generations every year
  • can provide many socioeconomic benefits as an agricultural industry, including labor absorption, supply of the domestic market, attraction of foreign currencies, and raising the living standard of rural populations
  • shows good efficiency and conversion and can quickly transform their feed to weight increase
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27
Q

Gorani

A

A people that utilize TEK to identify and harvest wild foods for fermentation, food, and medicine

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28
Q

Pantelleria, Italy

A

TEK loss can lead to decreased food security, loss of detail in plants used in spiritual healing

29
Q

Rua chalapensis

A

plants used in spiritual healing, in Pantelleria, Italy

30
Q

The four core dimensions of food security

A
  1. food access (physical and economic)
  2. food utilization
  3. stability over time
  4. food accessibility
31
Q

True or false: between 1969 and 2014, in the Kamma community of Italy, plant-based traditions related to hunting and fishing largely disappeared from local practice

A

True

32
Q

_____ is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems

  1. food accessibility
  2. food sovereignty
  3. food security
  4. food stability
A

Food sovereignty

33
Q

Urban Food Desert causes

A
  • lack of supermarkets
  • low-income populations
  • transportation barriers
34
Q

True or false: Community gardens can be tailored to community needs, resources, and experience

A

True

35
Q

Farmer challenges include:

minimal financial support,
environmental factors,
mechanical resources,
land access, healthy soil access,
finding a profitable market,
keeping food affordable

A

minimal financial support,
environmental factors,
mechanical resources,
land access, healthy soil access,
finding a profitable market,
keeping food affordable

36
Q

Which of the following are benefits of gardening?

improving health
providing cultural services
fostering healing and transformation
reducing risk for infectious disease
producing quality food in nutritionally meaningful quantities

A

improving health
providing cultural services
fostering healing and transformation
producing quality food in nutritionally meaningful quantities

37
Q

3 Pillars of food engineering

A
  1. “bliss point” for sugar
  2. “mouth feel” for fat
  3. “flavor burst” for salt
38
Q

Calamus and Cinnamylanthranilate

A

two natural and artificial flavors banned by the FDA

39
Q

Vavilov 8 Crop Centers of Origin

A
  1. The South Mexican and Central American Center
  2. South American Andes region
    - The Chilean Center
    - Brazilian-Paraguayan Center
  3. the Mediterranean Center
  4. Asia Minor
  5. The Abyssinian
  6. Inner Asiatic Center
  7. The Indian Center
    - The Indo-Malayan Center
  8. Chinese Center
40
Q

Major crops of this center: Maize, Phaseolus, and Curubitaceae species - maize, common bean, winter pumpkin, sweet potato, pepper, papaya, cherry tomato, cacao

A

South Mexican and Central American Center

41
Q

Major crops of this center: Andean potato, tomato, pepper, cocoa

A

South American Andes Regionj

42
Q

only 4 species, Solanum tuberosum. Common potato, strawberry

A

Chilean Center

43
Q

Manihot (cassava), arachis (peanut), manioc, pineapple, brazil nut

A

Brazillian Paraguayan Center

44
Q

Durum Wheat, spelt, flax, olive, garden beet, cabbage, celery, thyme, peppermint, hop

A

The Mediterranean Center

45
Q

Durum wheat, rye, fig, pomegranate, apple, cherry

A

Asia Minor

46
Q

Barely, pearl millet, cowpea, sesame, coffee, okra

A

The Abyssinian

47
Q

lentils, chickpea, mustard, hemp, pear, grape, apple

A

Inner Asiatic Center

48
Q

rice, mung bean, eggplant, cucumber, mango, tamarind, sugar cane, black pepper, indigo

A

Indian Center

49
Q

buckwheat, apricot, opium poppy, ginseng

A

Chinese Center

50
Q

“Evolution of domesticates is promoted by the factors of varied microclimate, aspect, altitude, restricted habitats and human selection, which are all present in the intertropical mountain zones of the Old and New Worlds”

A

Vavilov

51
Q

“Such a a wide range of natural and human selection pressures is not available to the same degree of intensity in other world regions”

A

Vavilov

52
Q

Teosinate to corn
Sorghum

A

Domesticated crops that experiences high protein and lysine content before domestication

53
Q

True or False: specialized foods are used for women’s health across many cultures, especially at times of childbirth and menstruation

A

true

54
Q

the way that meat is prepared is also associated with gender in many cultures. for example, men boil meat in the home among the Iteso of Kenya, whereas women most commonly roast meat outside of the home

A

false: men are tasked with outdoor roasting of meats in this culture

55
Q

Meat centered meals, arepas, cassava, ground beef with chorizo, red beans, fried egg, rice, fried plantains, etc.

A

festival foods

56
Q

Prosforon

A

a bread offering in Greek Orthodox Eastern Practices

57
Q

Blumea balsamifera and amomum spp

A

plant species used for steam sauna

58
Q

Cold water infusion of roots of a shrub
Restricted to men in past
Muscle relaxant properties

A

Kava/ Sakau - Piper methysticum

59
Q
  • Native to Ethiopia, fresh leaves and shoots chewed by men
  • Used to treat feaver, headache, depression, body pain, colds,
    Cathinone (alkaloid) is similar to amphetamine – gives
    sensation of well-being & excitement, followed by
    insomnia, depression, anxiety
    – Highly addictive
    – Risk factor for esophogeal cancer & duodenal cancer
A

Khat – Catha edulis

60
Q
  • Water infusion/ decoction of leaves and small stems
  • Stimulant properties, benefit of anti-inflammatory and diuretic
  • Has been linked to cancers of head and neck
A

Mate – llex paraguarensis

61
Q
  • Native to Mesoamerica
  • Important in ancient ritual and ceremony for Maya
  • drinking came after the meal, like tobacco smoking
  • Became popular in Europe in 1500s
A

Cacao – Theobroma cacao

62
Q
  • > 5,000 years old in China
  • Part of British and Dutch colonial expansion
  • Rich in flavonoids, cancer protective, tannin content can bind iron and reduce absorption
A

Tea – Camellia sinensis

63
Q
  • Seed of the Areca palm
  • Social practice
  • Impacts CNS
  • Habit forming
A

Betel – Areca catechu

64
Q

-Chewed raw
-Native to west Africa, masticatory
-One of the few stimulants permitted for devout muslims
-Islamic medicine: stomachache, sore throat, nausea, sexual dysfunction, headache, sore gums, sore limbs

A

Kola nut – Cola acuminata & C. nitida

65
Q

Which of the following would not be considered a social plant food?
- coffee
- rice
- khat
- beer

A

rice

66
Q

Slow Food Principles

A

GOOD, CLEAN, FAIR

67
Q

Slow Food Initiatives

A
  • preserve biodiversity
  • food and taste education
  • international events
68
Q

PLU codes
- conventionally grown
- organically grown
- genetically modified

A

conventionally grown: 4 digits
organically grown: 5 digits starting with #9
Genetically modified: 5 digits starting with #8

69
Q

plants or animals whose DNA has been altered

A

GMOs

HLTH 340 (13 decks)

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