Final Exam Content Flashcards
Some safe rules of foraging
- Trying one wild food at a time
- avoid plants with leaves that grow in groups of three
- Avoid plants with a strong disagreeable odor
don’t assum that if an animal eats something, it isn’t poisonous to humans
Centers for conservation and research
Botanical Gardens
In situ
Plant species managed and monitored in natural habitats
Ex situ
plant species curated outside of natural habitats
Seed banking
the most efficient way to safeguard species
Crops that have suffered a great loss in genetic diversity
Brighamia Insignis
Quercus
Cycads
Metacollections
The combined holdings of a group of collections; envisioned as common resources help by separate
institutions but stewarded collaboratively for research and conservation purposes.
Nikolai Vavilov
Concept of Crop Center of Origin: geographical area where a group of plants were first domesticated
Swann Report, 1969
“We have concluded that
the administration of
antibiotics to farm
livestock, particularly at
sub-therapeutic levels,
poses certain hazards to
human and animal health”
Gene Banks
Provides opportunities for research, education, and public awareness, while also serving as “insurance populations” for species at risk of extinction
Keystone Species
shape the cultural identity of a people in diet, materials,
medicine, and/or spiritual practices
Bioaccumulation
accumulation of chemicals /
pollutants in living organisms over time. Where the rate of absorption exceeds rate of metabolism and excretion.
Biomonitoring
the systematic
measurement of
compounds and/or
detection of cell or cell
molecules alterations in
living organisms with the
purpose of identifying or
assessing potential
hazardous exposure and
effects to chemicals
Environmental Stewardship
THE RESPONSIBLE USE
AND PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN CONSERVATION EFFORTS AND SUSTAINABLE
PRACTICES BY INDIVIDUALS.
Dysbiosis
an imbalance in the microbial community, associated with negative health outcomes like gut inflammation and various diseases
Gnotobiotic
denotes an environment for rearing or culturing organisms in which all the microorganisms are either known or excluded
Gut inflammation
inflammation of gut lining; often associated with dysbiosis and other gastrointestinal diseases
Microbiota
the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that inhabit a specific environment, liek the human gut
Microbiome
the genetic material of the microbiota, encompassing all the microbial genes present in a given environment
Probiotic
Live organisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body
True or False: A gnotobiotic model always involves the use of gut probiotic organisms.
False
Entomophagy
the practice of eating insects
Sustainable agriculture
agricultural practices that meet current food needs without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs
True or False: the consumption of insects by humans constitutes a major source of nutrition, and these foods are eaten in more than 130 countries across the globe
True
Which of the following insects are not edible for humans?
- water bug
- termine
- caterpillar
- silk worm
- meal worm
none: all are edible
Which of the following apply to insect cultivation
- requires little space
- uses by-products of various crops
- produces many generations every year
- can provide many socioeconomic benefits as an agricultural industry, including labor absorption, supply of the domestic market, attraction of foreign currencies, and raising the living standard of rural populations
- shows good efficiency and conversion and can quickly transform their feed to weight increase
- requires little space
- uses by-products of various crops
- produces many generations every year
- can provide many socioeconomic benefits as an agricultural industry, including labor absorption, supply of the domestic market, attraction of foreign currencies, and raising the living standard of rural populations
- shows good efficiency and conversion and can quickly transform their feed to weight increase
Gorani
A people that utilize TEK to identify and harvest wild foods for fermentation, food, and medicine
Pantelleria, Italy
TEK loss can lead to decreased food security, loss of detail in plants used in spiritual healing
Rua chalapensis
plants used in spiritual healing, in Pantelleria, Italy
The four core dimensions of food security
- food access (physical and economic)
- food utilization
- stability over time
- food accessibility
True or false: between 1969 and 2014, in the Kamma community of Italy, plant-based traditions related to hunting and fishing largely disappeared from local practice
True
_____ is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems
- food accessibility
- food sovereignty
- food security
- food stability
Food sovereignty
Urban Food Desert causes
- lack of supermarkets
- low-income populations
- transportation barriers
True or false: Community gardens can be tailored to community needs, resources, and experience
True
Farmer challenges include:
minimal financial support,
environmental factors,
mechanical resources,
land access, healthy soil access,
finding a profitable market,
keeping food affordable
minimal financial support,
environmental factors,
mechanical resources,
land access, healthy soil access,
finding a profitable market,
keeping food affordable
Which of the following are benefits of gardening?
improving health
providing cultural services
fostering healing and transformation
reducing risk for infectious disease
producing quality food in nutritionally meaningful quantities
improving health
providing cultural services
fostering healing and transformation
producing quality food in nutritionally meaningful quantities
3 Pillars of food engineering
- “bliss point” for sugar
- “mouth feel” for fat
- “flavor burst” for salt
Calamus and Cinnamylanthranilate
two natural and artificial flavors banned by the FDA
Vavilov 8 Crop Centers of Origin
- The South Mexican and Central American Center
- South American Andes region
- The Chilean Center
- Brazilian-Paraguayan Center - the Mediterranean Center
- Asia Minor
- The Abyssinian
- Inner Asiatic Center
- The Indian Center
- The Indo-Malayan Center - Chinese Center
Major crops of this center: Maize, Phaseolus, and Curubitaceae species - maize, common bean, winter pumpkin, sweet potato, pepper, papaya, cherry tomato, cacao
South Mexican and Central American Center
Major crops of this center: Andean potato, tomato, pepper, cocoa
South American Andes Regionj
only 4 species, Solanum tuberosum. Common potato, strawberry
Chilean Center
Manihot (cassava), arachis (peanut), manioc, pineapple, brazil nut
Brazillian Paraguayan Center
Durum Wheat, spelt, flax, olive, garden beet, cabbage, celery, thyme, peppermint, hop
The Mediterranean Center
Durum wheat, rye, fig, pomegranate, apple, cherry
Asia Minor
Barely, pearl millet, cowpea, sesame, coffee, okra
The Abyssinian
lentils, chickpea, mustard, hemp, pear, grape, apple
Inner Asiatic Center
rice, mung bean, eggplant, cucumber, mango, tamarind, sugar cane, black pepper, indigo
Indian Center
buckwheat, apricot, opium poppy, ginseng
Chinese Center
“Evolution of domesticates is promoted by the factors of varied microclimate, aspect, altitude, restricted habitats and human selection, which are all present in the intertropical mountain zones of the Old and New Worlds”
Vavilov
“Such a a wide range of natural and human selection pressures is not available to the same degree of intensity in other world regions”
Vavilov
Teosinate to corn
Sorghum
Domesticated crops that experiences high protein and lysine content before domestication
True or False: specialized foods are used for women’s health across many cultures, especially at times of childbirth and menstruation
true
the way that meat is prepared is also associated with gender in many cultures. for example, men boil meat in the home among the Iteso of Kenya, whereas women most commonly roast meat outside of the home
false: men are tasked with outdoor roasting of meats in this culture
Meat centered meals, arepas, cassava, ground beef with chorizo, red beans, fried egg, rice, fried plantains, etc.
festival foods
Prosforon
a bread offering in Greek Orthodox Eastern Practices
Blumea balsamifera and amomum spp
plant species used for steam sauna
Cold water infusion of roots of a shrub
Restricted to men in past
Muscle relaxant properties
Kava/ Sakau - Piper methysticum
- Native to Ethiopia, fresh leaves and shoots chewed by men
- Used to treat feaver, headache, depression, body pain, colds,
Cathinone (alkaloid) is similar to amphetamine – gives
sensation of well-being & excitement, followed by
insomnia, depression, anxiety
– Highly addictive
– Risk factor for esophogeal cancer & duodenal cancer
Khat – Catha edulis
- Water infusion/ decoction of leaves and small stems
- Stimulant properties, benefit of anti-inflammatory and diuretic
- Has been linked to cancers of head and neck
Mate – llex paraguarensis
- Native to Mesoamerica
- Important in ancient ritual and ceremony for Maya
- drinking came after the meal, like tobacco smoking
- Became popular in Europe in 1500s
Cacao – Theobroma cacao
- > 5,000 years old in China
- Part of British and Dutch colonial expansion
- Rich in flavonoids, cancer protective, tannin content can bind iron and reduce absorption
Tea – Camellia sinensis
- Seed of the Areca palm
- Social practice
- Impacts CNS
- Habit forming
Betel – Areca catechu
-Chewed raw
-Native to west Africa, masticatory
-One of the few stimulants permitted for devout muslims
-Islamic medicine: stomachache, sore throat, nausea, sexual dysfunction, headache, sore gums, sore limbs
Kola nut – Cola acuminata & C. nitida
Which of the following would not be considered a social plant food?
- coffee
- rice
- khat
- beer
rice
Slow Food Principles
GOOD, CLEAN, FAIR
Slow Food Initiatives
- preserve biodiversity
- food and taste education
- international events
PLU codes
- conventionally grown
- organically grown
- genetically modified
conventionally grown: 4 digits
organically grown: 5 digits starting with #9
Genetically modified: 5 digits starting with #8
plants or animals whose DNA has been altered
GMOs
