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Final Exam Content Flashcards

1
Q

Previous claim: Resistance exercise increases muscle mass but _________ exercise does not

A

endurance

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2
Q

Previous claim: High external loads increase muscle mass but ______ do not

A

low loads

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3
Q

Previous claim: Acute changes in hormones following resistance exercise are _______ for increasing _________

A

important; muscle mass

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4
Q

Current claim: Endurance exercise can

A

coexist with strength training

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5
Q

Current claim: Slow walking combined with _____ can increase muscle mass

A

BFR

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6
Q

Current claim: Low loads increase muscle mass similar to

A

high loads

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7
Q

Current claim: Acute changes in hormones following resistance exercise _____ appear to change muscle mass

A

do not

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8
Q

What % of 1 RM grows muscle

A

30 & 80

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9
Q

80% 1 RM for how many reps results in an increase in strength adaptation

A

1 & 3

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10
Q

Testosterone begins to decrease after ______ in the high hormone group

A

15 minutes

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11
Q

Which is better for growing muscle, high or low hormones?

A

Same effect

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12
Q

Results: Work-induced growth of skeletal muscle in normal and hypophysectomized rats

A

Growth evident within 24 hours

Growth reached maximal extent by 5 days

Support conclusion that pituitary growth hormone is not essential for skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Two types of muscle growth distinguished: GH-dependent, work-induced

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13
Q

Local mechanism of hypertrophy

A

calcium kinetics (specifically in heart for skeletal muscle)

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14
Q

Periodization definition

A

an exercise system, if design correctly, that helps to prevent overtraining while optimizing peak performance through progressive cycles

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15
Q

During periodization, as intensity increases, reps _____

A

decrease

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16
Q

Undulating Perioidzation

A

where volume and intensity go up and down weekly or daily within the training period

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17
Q

Amino acid transport across the cell increases

A

MPS

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18
Q

Results: the effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men

A

No exercise grp similar during baseline, by 10 weeks testosterone grp had effectiveness

Exercise groups had high increases in testosterone without supplementation, by 10 weeks testosterone supplementation group had effectiveness

Testosterone increased BW

Exercise increased FFM

Exercise + Testosterone significant in all CSA and weight lifted; most robust

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19
Q

Growth hormone lowers

A

glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis

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20
Q

Growth hormone increases _____ and enhances ______

A

amino acid transport across cells, fatty acid breakdown, collagen growth, and cartilage growth; immune cell function

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21
Q

Collagen growth increases

A

protein synthesis

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22
Q

Results: Hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise protocols

A

10 RM group had more growth due to being in the hypertrophy range

Growth hormone in 10 RM group was high showing growth hormone has anabolic properties

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23
Q

Results: Muscular adaptations to combinations of high and low intensity resistance exercises

A

Hypertrophy group had the highest growth hormone concentration

Point of diminishing returns during strength phase

MVC testing good for strength due to specificity

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24
Q

If the acute hormone hypothesis is true, which group in the ** Muscular adaptations to combinations of high and low intensity resistance exercises ** study would have more of an increases in muscle hypertrophy?

A

combo group more than strength group; hypertrophy should be minimal in strength group due to low amounts of circulating hormones

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25
Q

Results: Resistance exercise-induced increases in putative anabolic hormones do not enhance muscle protein synthesis or intracellular signaling in young men

A

Large increase in growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, etc.

No difference in MPS which suggests hormones may not play a large role in hypertrophy

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26
Q

Results: Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors

A

T1, T2, and EF CSA increase with no difference in conditions

Convinced hormones were not important for strength

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27
Q

Results: Associations of exercise-induced hormone profiles and gains in strength and hypertrophy in a large cohort after weight training

A

Growth hormone no significant relationship with LBM

Free testosterone no greater changes in LBM

IGF1 has no relationship with LBM

Cortisol only correlation to LBM (8%)

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28
Q

Results: Does the muscle action duration induce different regional muscle hypertrophy in matched resistance training

A

Quads showed significant main effect for group and muscle region

Quads CSA @ 70% had greater increase

@ 50%, 5c1e and 1c5e had higher increases in CSA

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29
Q

Idea for Previous RT Volume Influencing Adaptive Reponses

A

Previous training history sets what stimulus is necessary to induce an anabolic response in the muscle tissue

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30
Q

Is 4 sets to failure maximal?

A

3-5 is optimal

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31
Q

If you habitually perform 8 sets to failure, is 4 sets no longer effective?

A

Those who habitual do 4, do not gain anything from doing extra sets; can also be harmful to connective tissue

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32
Q

Muscle Hypertrophy Response Is affected by Previous Resistance Training Volume in Trained Individuals suggested

A

proper manipulation of RT variables can optimize muscle hypertrophic response

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33
Q

Results of Muscle Hypertrophy Response Is affected by Previous Resistance Training Volume in Trained Individuals study

A

individualized protocol significantly higher in changes of vastus lateralis

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34
Q

Results for Crescent pyramid and drop-set systems study

A

improved muscle CSA for all, between subject variability lower, crescent and drop-sets did not promote greater strength gains

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35
Q

Weight in hand sensed by fibers to move said weight

A

mechanical tension

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36
Q

Idea that lower loads align more metabolites for growth

A

metabolic stress

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37
Q

Metabolic Stress mechanisms

A

feel the burn, getting a pump, higher reps, shorter rest

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38
Q

Muscle Damage mechanisms

A

eccentrics, full ROM, novelty

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39
Q

Mechanical Tension mechanisms

A

progressive overload (system force production) & mind-muscle connection (muscle force production)

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40
Q

Base of hypertrophy period

A

mechanical tension

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41
Q

What contributes to fatigue?

A

Metabolites

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42
Q

Motor unit fatigue

A

one after the other until the complete end of the set for overall growth

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43
Q

Studies didn’t give opportunity for growth beyond what is maximal due to

A

BFR and high load RT

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44
Q

End product of glycolysis

A

lactate

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45
Q

ATP Hydrolysis

A

ATP + H2O <– ATPase –> ADP + Pi + H

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46
Q

Post-exercise BFR study results

A

cuff attenuated growth, metabolites did nothing, more discomfort in cuff group

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47
Q

Anabolic benefits of venous BFR study suggested that

A

swelling could be anabolic

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48
Q

Elevated plasma lactate levels via exogenous lactate infusion study results

A

muscle lactate and pH had drastic increases in the muscle; no difference in lactate or saline conditions

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49
Q

Exercise –>

A

mTor

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50
Q

mTor –>

A

S6K1

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51
Q

S6K1 –>

A

increases MPS

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52
Q

Elevated plasma lactate levels via exogenous lactate infusion study discussion

A

Maybe needs to be refined, or more, or injected directly into muscle; may reduce exercise while increasing lactate to see if there is a response

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53
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

multinucleated, has mitochondria, transverse tubules (t-tubules), myofibrils, sarcomeres, intracellular structures (sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum)

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54
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscle

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55
Q

Perimysium

A

middle; surround bundles of muscle fibers

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56
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers

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57
Q

Satellite cells help with

A

regenerative cell growth

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58
Q

Through donation of what do muscle fibers continue to grow

A

nuclei

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59
Q

Structures that give skeletal and cardiac muscle their striated appearance

A

myofibrils

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60
Q

Troponin pulls away when

A

calcium attaches to it

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61
Q

Myofibrils inside

A

endomysium with tails pointed towards center of sarcomere

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62
Q

Myosin

A

thick

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63
Q

Actin

A

thin

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64
Q

Skeletal Muscle Mass

A

75% water, 20% protein, 5% other

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65
Q

Extensive branching of blood vessels ensures each muscle fiber an

A

adequate oxygenated blood supply from the arterial and rapid removal of CO2 in venous circulation

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66
Q

Enhanced capillary microcirculation expedites removal of

A

heat and metabolic byproducts from active tissues in addition to facilitating delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones

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67
Q

Capillary to fiber ratio

A

fibers grow more than added capillaries; ratio decreases

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68
Q

All motor units within a muscle are considered a

A

motor pool

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69
Q

Action potential ________ the nerve terminal

A

depolarizes

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70
Q

Depolarization of the nerve terminal activates

A

voltage-gated calcium channels

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71
Q

Calcium enters the synaptic terminal and increases

A

cytosolic calcium concentration

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72
Q

Increased cytosolic calcium causes release of

A

neurotransmitter from vesicles

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73
Q

Neurotransmitter enters into __________ _________ through ____________

A

synaptic cleft; exocytosis

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74
Q

Neurotransmitter dissociates from receptor and is removed from synpase by (3)

A

metabolism, reuptake into nerve terminal, or diffusion away from synapse

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75
Q

Postsynaptic receptor

A

nicotinic-cholinergic receptor (NAChR)

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76
Q

What is nicotinic-cholinergic receptor (NAChR)?

A

a ligand-gated channel

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77
Q

Nicotinic-cholinergic receptor (NAChR) is selective for

A

Na and K

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78
Q

Activation of nicotinic-cholinergic receptor (NAChR) allows

A

diffusion of sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell

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79
Q

Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) is localized in

A

folds of the endplate

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80
Q

Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) hydrolyses the Ach to

A

choline and acetate

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81
Q

What is taken back into the nerve terminal by sodium dependent co-transporter

A

choline

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82
Q

Choline taken back into the nerve terminal is used to

A

synthesize new AcH

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83
Q

What diffuses away from the synaptic cleft

A

acetate

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84
Q

Endplate is/is not electrically excitable

A

is not

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85
Q

The membrane surrounding the endplate is/is not electrically excitable

A

is

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86
Q

Membrane surrounding the endplate contains

A

voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels

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87
Q

Current produced by EPP spread to surrounding muscle membrane and ________ it to _________

A

depolarized; threshold

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88
Q

Current activates ________________ __________ __________ and produces an

A

voltage-gated sodium channels; action potential

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89
Q

Activation of what channels allows calcium to flow out of the SR into cytoplasm

A

Ca release channels

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90
Q

What is in the SR membrane that pumps cytosolic calcium into the SR

A

Ca ATPase

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91
Q

Action potentials travel down sarcolemma from endplate into the ____________ and activate ___________ __________ ____________

A

t-tubules; voltage-gated calcium channels

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92
Q

Activation of calcium release channels causes release of

A

calcium from lateral sacs of SR

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93
Q

Sequestration of calcium into the SR decrease

A

cytosolic calcium concentrations

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94
Q

Calcium binds to

A

troponin

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94
Q

Calcium binds to

A

troponin

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95
Q

Troponin removes blocking action of

A

tropomyosin

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96
Q

One cross-bridge cycling ceases, the sarcomere

A

extends to resting length

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97
Q

If no ATP available for cross-bridge, it remains

A

attached to actin producing rigor mortis

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98
Q

Protein that intertwines with actin and covers myosin binding sites on actin

A

tropomyosin

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99
Q

protein binds to tropomyosin and holds it over myosin binding site

A

Troponin

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100
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum-like organelles that store calcium in skeletal muscle (and cardiac) muscle fibers

A

SR

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101
Q

Enlargements at the end of SR and is associated with the transverse tubule

A

lateral sacs

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102
Q

Invaginations of the muscle plasma membrane (sarcolemma)

A

transverse tubules (t-tubules)

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103
Q

Activation of motor neuron cell body leads to

A

an action potential

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104
Q

Action potential at nerve terminal of motor neurons causes release of

A

acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction

105
Q

Acetylcholine activates

A

nicotinic receptors in endplate

106
Q

Activation of nicotinic receptors produces a

A

end-plate potential

107
Q

End-plate potential depolarizes the ____________ ___________ ___________ and produces an _________ ______________

A

surrounding muscle membrane; action potential

108
Q

Action potential enters t-tubule and activates

A

voltage-gated calcium channels (DHP receptors)

109
Q

The plateau and descending limb of the isometric/concentric force-length relationship are well predicted and explained by the amount of

A

overlap between actin and myosin filaments

110
Q

When muscle is stretched while activated and held at a final length long enough for force transients to cease, steady force achieved is higher than steady force developed when muscle is activated while already held isometrically at same final length

A

Residual Force Enhancement

111
Q

Force enhancement after active muscle stretching was maintained when muscles were deactivated

A

Passive Force Enhancement

112
Q

Force enhancement has a passive component and part of that passive components originates in the

A

molecular spring titin

113
Q

Titin extends from

A

sarcomere’s z-disc to m-band

114
Q

Titin runs freely in the

A

I-band

115
Q

Titin’s extensibility provdes sarcomeres with

A

passive force

116
Q

Passive force from titin is thought to

A

maintain thick filaments during contraction and provide stability and uniformity to adjacent sarcomeres

117
Q

Stretching myofibrils within physiological limits results in

A

higher passive forces in presence of physiological levels of calcium

118
Q

Deactivation of actively stretched myofibrils at an average sarcomere length of 5.0 um resulted in

A

no change in force

119
Q

Titin forces increase when actin-myosin force

A

decrease

120
Q

The long axis of a muscle determines the

A

arrangement of individual fibers

121
Q

Fibers run parallel to muscle’s long axis and taper at tendinous attachment

A

fusiform

122
Q

Fan-shaped fiber’s fasciculi lie obliquely

A

pennate

123
Q

Fusiform’s fiber length and fiber force generation transmits directly to

A

tendon

124
Q

Fusiform fiber arrangement facilitates

A

rapid muscle shortening

125
Q

In fusiform, what are equal

A

physiological or anatomical

126
Q

In pennate, physiological contains

A

all fibers

127
Q

Total cross-sectional areas of all fibers within a particular muscle

A

Physiologic Cross Sectional Area

128
Q

Muscles with greater pennation are slower in _______ _________, and generate greater _________ and __________

A

contractile velocity; force and power

129
Q

Series-fibered muscle features

A

individual fibers that run parallel to muscle’s line of pull

130
Q

Complex parallel arrangement features

A

muscle fibers that terminate in muscle’s midbelly and taper to interact with connective tissue matrix or adjacent fibers

131
Q

Contraction under conditions in which it develops tension but does not change length

A

isometric

132
Q

Contraction in which muscle changes length while load on muscle remains constant

A

isotonic

133
Q

Contraction of muscle fiber in response to a single action potential

A

twitch

134
Q

Keep length constant and measure tension

A

isometric twitch

135
Q

Keep load constant and measure muscle length

A

isotonic twitch

136
Q

Following action potential, an interval of a few ms known as latent period before tension of muscle fiber begins to increase

A

latency

137
Q

The latent period is longer in which twitch

A

isotonic twitch

138
Q

Isotonic twitch experiment, the latent period includes both time for ________________________ and extra time to accumulate enough _______________ _________________

A

excitation-contraction coupling; attached cross-bridges

139
Q

At heavier loads

A

latent period is longer, velocity of shortening is slower, duration of twitch is shorter, distance shortened is less

140
Q

Zero velocity at

A

maximum load

141
Q

Unloaded shortening velocity is determined by rate at which

A

individual cross-bridges undergo cyclical activity

142
Q

The rate of ATP splitting determines

A

shortening velocity

143
Q

Unfused Tetanus

A

oscillating summated tension

144
Q

Fused Tetanus

A

sustained summated tension

145
Q

At very short lengths, the z-lines collide with ends of relatively rigid thick filaments, creating an

A

internal resistance to sarcomere shortening

146
Q

Muscles normally operate at plus/minus what % of optimal muscle length

A

30%

147
Q

Energy is stored between

A

2nd and 3rd phosphate groups

148
Q

Energy systems in the cytoplasm

A

ATP-PCr and Glycolytic

149
Q

Glycolytic energy system breaks down

A

CHO

150
Q

CHO broken down by the glycolytic system is stored

A

in the muscle or glucose delivered to the blood

151
Q

CHO broken down by the glycolytic system is used to

A

resynthesize ATP

152
Q

Energy system in the mitochondria

A

oxidative metabolism

153
Q

Oxidative Metabolism includes

A

KC and ETC

154
Q

Oxidative Metabolism forms ATP from

A

breakdown of fatty acids using oxygen in the mitochondria

155
Q

Enzyme to break apart PCr

A

creatine kinase

156
Q

Creatine kinase is highest in which fibers

A

T2b > T2a > T1

157
Q

How much ATP does the body store at any given time

A

80-100 g

158
Q

ATP is stored in

A

muscle on myosin head

159
Q

ATP concentrations during experimentally induced muscle fatigue

A

only slightly decrease (50-60% of pre-exercise levels)

160
Q

AMP is a

A

powerful stimulant of glycolysis

161
Q

AMP helps to breakdown more

A

CHO

162
Q

How is the ATP-PCr controlled

A

law of mass action

163
Q

Buildup of ADP will increase rate of

A

creatine kinase and adenylate kinase reactions

164
Q

Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply study results

A

power output less on second trial, energy supply increased during trial 2

165
Q

Formation of lactate is catalyzed by

A

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

166
Q

Resting blood lactate

A

.5 to 2.2 mmol/L

167
Q

Exercise blood lactate

A

25 to 30 mmol/L

168
Q

Rate of production of lactate higher in which type of muscle fibers

A

T2

169
Q

Lactate is used

A

intermediately, exchanged between different tissues, source of carbon for oxidation, and gluconeogenesis

170
Q

Lactate used in

A

cori cycle, cell to cell La shuttle, intracellular La shuttle

171
Q

La transported across mitochondria membrane by

A

MTC1

172
Q

Cori cycle is shuttling of

A

lactate to liver to form glucose

173
Q

Blood lactate concentrations reflect

A

lactate production and clearance

174
Q

Normal blood lactate levels return within

A

1-hour postexercise

175
Q

Blood lactate accumulation is greatest following

A

high-intensity intermittent exercise

176
Q

Glycolysis leads to

A

KC

177
Q

Pyruvate that enters mitochondria is converted to

A

acetyl-coa

178
Q

One acetyl-CoA is formed it enters the

A

KC

179
Q

NADH enters the

A

ETC to help resynthesize ATP

180
Q

Where does malate-aspartate shuttle predominate

A

heart

181
Q

Where does glycerol-phosphate shuttle predominate

A

skeletal muscle

182
Q

Relationship between given energy system max rate of ATP production and total amount of ATP capable to be produced over a long period of time

A

Inverse

183
Q

Which system has the highest rate of ATP production

A

phosphagen

184
Q

Which system has the highest capacity of ATP production

A

oxidation of fats and proteins

185
Q

Which system has the lowest capacity of ATP production

A

phosphagen

186
Q

Phosphocreatine can decrease markedly (50-70%) during

A

first stage of high intensity exercise and almost eliminated as result of exercise to exhaustion

187
Q

Complete phosphocreatine resynthesis can occur within

A

8 minutes

188
Q

Grams of glycogen stored in muscle and liver

A

300-400; 70-100

189
Q

At relative intensities above 60% of maximal oxygen uptake, muscle glycogen becomes

A

increasingly important energy substrate

190
Q

Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to

A

post-exercise CHO ingestion; .7 to 3 g of CHO per kg of body weight ingested every 2 hours following exercise

191
Q

Effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle PCr

A

did not result in PCr content

192
Q

Muscle fiber activation study results

A

similar depletion seen due to failure; T1 and T2 fiber glycogen depletion determined by neither load or repetition during resistance exercise performed to failure

193
Q

CHO supplementation study results

A

deplete less glycogen when training, drink a CHO bev; glycogen isn’t limiting factor to perform testing

194
Q

Low muscle glycogen concentration study results

A

muscle glycogen concentration higher in norm group

stimulate MPS even with low muscle glycogen available

ingestion of PROT/CHO drink enhances anabolic response

commencing training with low muscle glycogen does not impair anabolic response in early recovery period

195 minutes on average to exhaust glycogen on one leg

195
Q

Results: Cellular memory mechanism aids overload hypertrophy in muscle long after an episodic exposure to anabolic steroids

A

fiber size decreases the same with or without anabolic steroids but nuclei remained elevated with steroids

196
Q

Results: previous short-term use of testosterone propionate enhances muscle hypertrophy in wistar rats submitted to ladder-based resistance training

A

prostate mass in testosterone and training and training only group was heavier

testosterone and training group has larger T1, T2, and mean fCSA

All groups has higher nuclei/fiber ratio than control

197
Q

Results: skeletal muscle morphology in power lifters with and without anabolic steroids

A

Those with steroid use had larger type 1, 2a, 2AB, and 2c fiber areas and central nuclei were higher

198
Q

Results: skeletal muscle morphology in power lifters with and without anabolic steroids

A

Those with steroid use had larger type 1, 2a, 2AB, and 2c fiber areas and central nuclei were higher

199
Q

Maximal strength and power increases of agonist muscles result from

A

an increase in recruitment, rate of firing, synchronization of firing, or a combination

200
Q

Motor cortex activity increases when

A

the level of force developed increases

201
Q

Many neural changes with anaerobic training take place along

A

descending corticospinal tracts

202
Q

Corticospinal tract controls

A

voluntary movement (fine, isolated movemenets)

203
Q

Cell body of the corticospinal tract located in

A

cerebral cortex (primary motor cortex)

204
Q

Corticospinal tract axons descend to ______ ______ to cross _________ _______

A

lower medulla; spinal cord

205
Q

Axons of alpha motor neurons innervate

A

skeletal muscle

206
Q

Interruption of the corticospinal tract produces

A

weakness (partial damage) or paralysis (total damage)

207
Q

Axons from neurons in the brainstem that form pathways that descend into the spinal cord to influence motor neurons

A

extrapyramidal system

208
Q

Axons of most of the brainstem remain ______________ and affect _________________

A

uncrossed; muscles on the same side of the body

209
Q

Brainstem pathway involvement

A

upright posture, locomotion, balance

210
Q

Fast & Slow twitch fibers differ in

A

peak force, time to reach peak force, and ability to maintain force

211
Q

Two neural mechanisms responsible for force gradations

A

recruitment and rate coding

212
Q

Motor units recruited first with lower force capabilities

A

low-threshold

213
Q

Rate coding

A

motor unit firing rate

214
Q

Smaller muscles rely on; larger muscles rely on

A

rate coding; recruitment

215
Q

An increase in EMG indicates greater

A

neural activation

216
Q

Anaerobic Training and Electromyography (EMG) studies show

A

strength and power increases of up to 73%

217
Q

Muscle spindles consist of

A

specialized musc fibers that signal length of musc and rate of change

218
Q

Intrafusal fibers are innervated by

A

large sensory groups that transmit length info to CNS

219
Q

Ends of intrafusal fibers are innervated by

A

small motor neurons (gamma motorneurons)

220
Q

When muscle lengthens

A

intrafusal fibers lengthen

221
Q

Lengthening of intrafusal fibers stretches ends of

A

sensory nerve endings

222
Q

The larger the stretch

A

the greater the number of AP

223
Q

Gamma motorneurons set

A

sensitivity, or gain of musc spindles

224
Q

What selects muscle lengths over which the spindle will respond by changing activity in gamma motorneurons

A

CNS

225
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) consists of

A

capsule containing branches of sensory fibers that are attached to fibers of tendon

226
Q

GTO innervated by

A

large sensory fibers that transmit tension info to CNS

227
Q

GTO signal

A

muscle tension

228
Q

Spinal Reflexes: stretch reflex

A

muscle lengthens, spindle stretch, activate T1a fibers, excite alpha motor neurons, contract muscle

229
Q

Spinal Reflexes: tendon reflex

A

muscle tension increases, GTO stretch, activate T1b fibers, excite inhibitory interneuron, inhibit alpha motor neurons, muscle relaxes

230
Q

Excitation of GTO from muscle leads to

A

reduced excitation of the muscle

231
Q

Major potential sites of fatigue

A

excitatory input to higher motor centers, excitatory drive to lower motor neurons, motor neuron excitability, neuromuscular transmission

232
Q

With maintained excitatory activation of alpha motor neuron, firing rate decreases due to

A

altered ionic currents

233
Q

A decrease in what is a possible factor for exercise-induced central fatigue which involves muscle-brain metabolic crosstalk

A

brain glycogen

234
Q

Plays a role in mental fatigue

A

brain neurotransmission

235
Q

Optimal training adaptation cyclic variations

A

Load: high (90-95%) and low (70%)
Volume: high and low
Velocity: fast (< 1 sec) and moderate (1-2 sec) muscle action
Exercise: 3-5+ days/week

236
Q

GAS Stages

A

Alarm: excessive soreness, temp performance decrease
Resistance: body resists stress & performance increase
Exhaustion: too much with too little recovery

237
Q

Results –> GAS: Potential misapplications to resistance exercise

A

upon exposure to toxic levels of pharmacological agents and stimuli there is a physiological stress response which can be losely adapted to resistance exercise

238
Q

Experimental Evidence Supporting Adaptation Energy Results

A

Giving a little bit of the drug that could kill you, before the next drug, results in no death

239
Q

Alarm Phase S&C Application

A

muscle damage and soreness resulting from exercise

240
Q

Resistance Phase S&C Application

A

Adaptation to exercise stimulus; represented by increased muscle size and strength

241
Q

Exhaustion Phase S&C Application

A

Overtraining

242
Q

Adaptation Energy S&C Application

A

managed through periodization to avoid overtraining

243
Q

Linear Periodization

A

As volume decreases, intensity and technique/skill will increases

244
Q

Undulating Periodization

A

Focus on different characteristics on different days but always decreasing to minimize stressors

245
Q

Preparatory Period

A

initial period, longest, during time of year with no competitions and only limited number of sport-specific skill practices; establish base level conditioning to increase tolerance

246
Q

First Transition Period

A

denote break between high-volume and high-intensity training

247
Q

Second Transition Period

A

active rest; between competition and next prep season; consists of recreational activity that may not involve resistance training

248
Q

Ironman

A

2.4 mile swim, 112 mile bike, 26.22 mile run

249
Q

Ironman record

A

Men: 7:40:24
Women: 8:26:18

250
Q

Preparation for Half-Ironman Triathlon Results

A

Increases in maximal oxygen consumption, maximal power output, absolute oxygen consumption, and power output at both ventilatory thresholds

251
Q

Results: Overreaching and overtraining in strength sports and resistance training; a scoping review

A

short-term periods of overreaching achieved with high-volume or high-intensity training can lead to non-functional overreaching

chronic high-volume and/or intensity training an lead to non-functional overreaching

252
Q

Functional OR

A

short-term decrease in performance lasting days to weeks with performance supercompensation after a period of recovery

253
Q

Non-functional OR

A

Performance decrement observed over a period of weeks to months while full recovery is achieved

254
Q

Overtrianing

A

long-term reduction in performance capacity observed over a period of several months

255
Q

Results: Does Short-Term Near-Maximal Intensity Machine RT Induce Overtraining

A

1-RM performance increased throughout week, overtraining did not occur, increased sprint times in week 2, leg extension torque decreased by week 4

256
Q

Results: Performance decrements with high-intensity resistance exercise overtraining

A

1-RM performance significantly decreased from test 1 to test 3, isokinetic and stimulated isometric muscle force significantly decreased by test 3

257
Q

Seven pillars of injury prevention

A

use of needs analysis, monitor rapid growth, optimize dose response, use effective training modes, start early during childhood, use risk stratification, enhance adherence

258
Q

Results: The Effects of Exercise for Prevention of Overuse Anterior Knee Pain

A

Reduction in anterior knee pain in treatment group and less new cases of injury

258
Q

Results: Hamstring injury occurrence in elite soccer players after preseason strength training with eccentric overload

A

hamstring injury occurrence lower in training group, increases in strength and speed in training group

259
Q

Results: preventive effect of eccentric training on acute hamstring injuries in men’s soccer

A

Less injuries in intervention group and recurrent injuries

S&C (11 decks)

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