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Feb 7th Content Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only compound the body can use for energy driven processes

A

ATP

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2
Q

What is the bioenergy currency in the cells of all tissues

A

ATP

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3
Q

Energy is stored between

A

2nd and 3rd phosphate groups

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4
Q

Three Energy Systems

A

ATP-PCr, Glycolytic, Oxidative Metabolism

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5
Q

ATP-PCr occurs in

A

the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Which energy system has the fastest rate of ATP

A

ATP-PCr

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7
Q

Which energy system has the shortest duration for producing ATP

A

ATP-PCr

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8
Q

ATP-PCr system forms ATP with

A

creatine phosphate without oxygen

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9
Q

Glycolytic occurs in

A

the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Which energy system has a moderate rate and duration of ATP production

A

Glycolytic

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11
Q

Glycolytic energy system breaks down

A

CHO

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12
Q

CHO broken down by the glycolytic system is stored

A

in the muscle or glucose delivered to the blood

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13
Q

Cho broken down by the glycolytic system s used to

A

resynthesize ATP

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14
Q

Oxidative Metabolism occurs in

A

the mitochondria

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15
Q

Which energy system has the slowest rate of ATP production

A

Oxidative Metabolism

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16
Q

Which energy system has the longest duration at which ATP can be produced

A

Oxidative Metabolism

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17
Q

Oxidative Metabolism includes

A

KC and ETC

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18
Q

Oxidative Metabolism forms ATO from

A

breakdown of fatty acids using oxygen in the mitochondria

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19
Q

Energy derived from reactions are used to drive

A

activity

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20
Q

Fat breakdown –>

A

ATP

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21
Q

ATP fuels

A

actomyosin cross-bridge cycling

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22
Q

Actomyosin cross-bridge cycling reaction catalyzed by

A

mATPase

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23
Q

Actomyosin cross-bridge cycling yields

A

energy + ADP + Pi

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24
Q

All three energy systems are

A

active at any given time

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25
Q

Contribution of energy systems is primarily dependent on

A

intensity of activity and duration of activity

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26
Q

ATP-PCr prevents energy depletion by

A

quickly reforming ATP from ADP + Pi

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27
Q

1 ATP is produced from

A

1 PCr

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28
Q

Enzyme to break apart PCr

A

creatine kinase (CK)

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29
Q

Creatine kinase is highest in which fibers

A

T2b > T2a > T1

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30
Q

The energy from the breakdown of PCr is used for

A

regenerating ATP

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31
Q

How much ATP does the body store at any given time

A

80-100 g

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32
Q

ATP is stored in

A

muscle on myosin head

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33
Q

ATP concentrations during experimentally induced muscle fatigue

A

only slightly decrease (50-60% of pre-exercise levels)

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34
Q

ATP-PCr through CP and creatine kinase reaction serves as

A

energy reserve for rapidly replenishing ATP

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35
Q

ADP + creatine phosphate <–

A

creatine kinase

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36
Q

creatine kinase –>

A

ATP + creatine

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37
Q

Oral bioavailability of ATP is…

A

not bioavailable, no reason to supplement

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38
Q

ATP is well maintained during what duration of sprinting

A

8-10 s

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39
Q

PCr is rapidly depleted during _________ to supply

A

sprinting; Pi and ADP

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40
Q

Adenylate Kinase (myokinase) Reaction

A

replenish ATP, important for AMP

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41
Q

AMP is a

A

powerful stimulant of glycolysis

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42
Q

AMP helps to breakdown more

A

CHO

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43
Q

2 ADP <–

A

adenylate kinase

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44
Q

adenylate kinase –>

A

ATP + AMP

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45
Q

How is the ATP-PCr controlled

A

law of mass action

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46
Q

ATP + H2O <–

A

ATPase

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47
Q

ATPase –>

A

ADP + Pi + H

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48
Q

Buildup of ADP will increase rate of

A

creatine kinase and adenylate kinase reactions

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49
Q

Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply study purpose

A

examine relationship between metabolic status of muscle before a second sprint ad subsequent performance and changes in muscle metabolites during sprint

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50
Q

Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply study methods

A

2 maximal cycle ergometer sprints, separated by 4 minutes recovery; main trial, 30 s followed by 30 s, 2nd main trial, 30 s followed by 10s

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51
Q

Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply study results

A

power output less on second trial, energy supply increased during trial 2

52
Q

Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply study conclusion

A

completely replenish ATP by 8 minutes, but power output may not be the same

53
Q

End result of glycolysis

54
Q

Directions of lactate at the end of glycolysis

A

remain lactate (fast) or shuttled into mitochondria (slow)

55
Q

Formation of lactate is catalyzed by

A

enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

56
Q

Lactate is highly correlated with

57
Q

Resting blood lactate

A

.5 to 2.2 mmol/L

58
Q

Exercise blood lactate

A

25 to 30 mmol/L

59
Q

Rate of production of lactate higher in which type of muscle fibers

60
Q

Lactate is used

A

intermediately, exchanged between different tissues, source of carbon for oxidation, and gluconeogenesis

61
Q

Lactate used in

A

cori cycle, cell to cell La shuttle, intracellular La shuttle

62
Q

La transported across mitochondria membrane by

63
Q

Mitochondria contrain

64
Q

La is produced and consumed by

A

same muscle fiber

65
Q

Cori cycle is shuttling of

A

lactate to liver to form glucose

66
Q

Blood lactate concentrations reflect

A

lactate production and clearance

67
Q

Normal blood lactate levels return within

A

1-hour post-exercise

68
Q

Light activity post-exercise clears lactate more than

A

inactivity

69
Q

Blood lactate accumulation is greatest following

A

high-intensity, intermittent exercise

70
Q

Cell to Cell La Shuttle contraction takes lactate into

A

muscle to make ATP’ breaks down faster

71
Q

Glycolysis leads to

A

krebs cycle

72
Q

Pyruvate that eneters mitochondria is converted to

A

acetyl-CoA

73
Q

One acetyl-CoA is formed it enters the

A

krebs cycle

74
Q

NADH enters the

A

ETC to help resynthesize ATP

75
Q

Where does malate-aspartate shuttle predominate

76
Q

here does glycerol-phosphate shuttle predominate

A

skeletal muscle

77
Q

There is an inverse relationship between

A

given energy system max rate of ATP production and total amount of ATP capable to be produced over a long period of time

78
Q

Which system has the highest rate of ATP production

A

phosphagen

79
Q

Which system has the highest capacity of ATP production

A

oxidation of fats and proteins

80
Q

Which system has the lowest rate of ATP production

A

oxidation of fats and proteins

81
Q

Which system has the lowest capacity of ATP production

A

phosphagen

82
Q

Which system is 0-6 s and has a extremely high intensity level

A

phosphagen

83
Q

Which system is 6-30 s and has a very high intensity level

A

phosphagen and fast glycolysis

84
Q

Which system is 30 s - 2 minutes and has a high intensity level

A

fast glycolysis

85
Q

Which system is 2-3 minutes and has a moderate intensity level

A

fast glycolysis and oxidative

86
Q

Which system is > 3 minutes and has a low intensity level

87
Q

The extent to which each of the energy systems contributes to ATP production depends on

A

primarily intensity of activity and secondarily on duration

88
Q

Phosphocreatine can decrease markedly (50-70%) during

A

first stage of high intensity exercise and almost eliminated as result of exercise to exhaustion

89
Q

Post-exercise phosphagen repletion can occur in

A

relatively short period

90
Q

Complete resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within

A

3-5 minutes

91
Q

Complete phosphocreatine resynthesis can occur within

92
Q

Grams of glycogen stored in muscle

93
Q

Grams of glycogen stored in liver

94
Q

Rate of glycogen is related to

A

exercise intensity

95
Q

At relative intensities above 60% of maximal oxygen uptake, muscle glycogen becomes

A

increasingly important energy substrate

96
Q

Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to

A

post-exercise CHO ingestion

97
Q

Repletion optimal if

A

.7 to 3 g of CHO per kg of body weight ingested every 2 hours following exercise

98
Q

Effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle PCr

A

did not result in PCr content

99
Q

Effect of age, diet, and tissue type of PCr response to creatine

A

who you are effects your benefit; older adults and vegetarians&raquo_space;»

100
Q

Mixed muscle glycogen from what muscle fibers

101
Q

Increase in intensity has more

A

glycogen depletion

102
Q

Exercise taken to failure will have

A

similar depletion levels

103
Q

Muscle fiber activation study resuts

A

similar depletion seen due to failure; T1 and T2 fiber glycogen depletion determined by neither load or repetition during resistance exercise performed to failure

104
Q

CHO supplementation study design

A

isokinetic bout, treatment, isokinetic bout

105
Q

CHO supplementation study results

A

deplete less glycogen when training, drink a CHO bev; glycogen isn’t limiting factor to perform testing

106
Q

Breakfast Omission Study

A

for exercise sessions to failure, advisable to recommend consumption of high carb meal before exercise is training in morning

107
Q

Low muscle glycogen concentration study design

A

one-legged protocol

108
Q

Low muscle glycogen concentration study results

A

muscle glycogen concentration higher in norm group

stimulate MPS even with low muscle glycogen available

ingestion of PROT/CHO drink enhances anabolic response

commencing training with low muscle glycogen does not impair anabolic response in early recovery period

195 minutes on average to exhaust glycogen on one leg

109
Q

Least effective limiting factors in light exercise

A

ATP and creatine phosphate, lower pH

110
Q

Most effective limiting factors in light exercise

A

muscle glycogen, liver glycogen

111
Q

Least effective limiting factors in moderate exercise

A

ATP and creatine phosphate, fat stores

112
Q

Most effective limiting factors in moderate exercise

A

muscle glycogen, lower pH

113
Q

Least effective limiting factors in heavy exercise

A

liver glycogen, fast stores

114
Q

Most effective limiting factors in heavy exercise

A

lower pH, followed by ATP and creatine phosphate and muscle glycogen

115
Q

Least effective limiting factors in very intense exercise

A

muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, fat stores, lower pH

116
Q

Most effective limiting factors in very intense exercise

A

ATP and creatine phosphate

117
Q

Least effective limiting factors in very intense repeated exercise

A

liver glycogen, fat stores

118
Q

Most effective limiting factors in very intense repeated exercise

A

ATP and creatine phosphate, muscle glycogen, lower pH

119
Q

Limiting factors

A

ATP and creatine phosphate, muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, fat stores, lower pH

120
Q

Exercise intensity (% max power output) 0-5s, 30 s, 60s, 90s

A

0-5 s = 100
30 s = 55
60 s = 35
90 s = 31

121
Q

Contribution of anaerobic mechanisms (%) 0-5s, 30 s, 60s, 90s

A

0-5 s = 96
30 s = 75
60 s = 50
90 s = 35

122
Q

Contribution of aerobic mechanisms (%) 0-5 s, 30s, 60s, 90s

A

0-5 s = 4
30 s = 25
60 s = 50
90 s = 65

123
Q

The use of appropriate exercise intensities and rest intervals allows for the “selection” of

A

specific energy systems during training and results in more efficient and productive regimens

124
Q

Interval training

A

emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for more efficient energy transfer

125
Q

Combination training

A

adds aerobic endurance training to training anaerobic athletes to enhance recovery

126
Q

Combination training may reduce

A

anaerobic performance capabilities; gain in muscle girth, max strength, and speed/power related performance’ may be counterproductive to strength/power sports

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