Final Exam - Conditions, Tests, Body Planes Flashcards
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis
GERD
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
LFT’s
Liver Function Test
CVA
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
CSF
cerebral spinal fluid
CT
Computerized tomography
EEG
Electroencephalogram
LP
Lumbar Puncture
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
TIA
Transient ischemic attack (mini stroke)
Symptoms: Lack of appetite, pain in the LRQ, pain in the abdomen (may go down right leg), increased WBC count, nausea, low fever.
Caused by: blockage or infection
Treatment: antibiotics and/or surgery
appendicitis
Symptoms: anemia, fever, vomiting, confusion, jaundice, weight loss, abdominal swelling, increased urine output
Causes: Often an autoimmune disease, may be caused by heavy drinking, Hep B & C
Treatment: medications, transplant, no drinking
Cirrhosis of the Liver
Cholelithiasis
gall stones
Inflammation of the in the in the pouches in the intestinal wall
treated with a high-fiber diet, antibiotics, or a colectomy (if severe)
diverticulitis
When a portion of the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity
hiatal hernia
the most common joint disorder
causes: inflammation processes and metabolic disorders
symptoms: joint stiffness, aching, and pain, increased pain with weather changes, fluid buildup, grinding/creaking sound with movement
treatment: anti-inflammatory meds, NSAIDs, cortisone shots and joint replacements if severe
osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease - DJD)
the second most common joint disorder. 3x more common in women. chronic with periods of remission
causes: autoimmune disease causing joint inflammation when the synovial membrane is attacked
symptoms: tissue becomes granular and thick (eventually destroys the joint capsul), scar tissue builds up, severe pain, edema, bone atrophy
treatment: exercise, heat/cold therapy, anti-inflammatory meds, immuno-suppressants
RA - rheumatoid arthritis
Causes: unlcear, but most common in white people ages 10-20. most common in the bones of the extremitys, but can also be in the spine, skull, pelvis, and chest wall.
symptoms: fever, pain and bruises at the tumor site, fractures
treatment: surgery, chemo, radiation therapy, stem cell and/or bone marrow transplant
ESFT - Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors
abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae - “humpback”
causes: improper development, poor posture, aging, degenerative disc diseases
treatment in kids: exercise, a firm bed, a back brace
treatment: spinal fusion or grafting, Harrington rods to keep vertebrae aligned
Kyphosis
exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine - “swayback”
caused by wearing high heels
treatment: stop wearing heels, cant be repaired– just kept from progressing
Lordosis
a condition where bones thin over time; affects women more than men; mostly white people
causes: hormone deficiencies, sedentary lifestyle, lack of calcium and vit D, steroid use, smoking/drinking
symptoms: none in the early stages
later stage symptoms: fractures, height loss over time, pain, kyphosis
osteoporosis
affects the GI, but also the muscular system; usually affects infants
causes: bacterium botulinum (usually lives in soil and water); usually found on/in canned vegetables (damaged cans), cured pork, honey, raw fish, and corn syrup
symptoms: difficulty swallowing, paralysis, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, cramps, double vision, difficulty suckling in infants, absence of reflexes
symptoms usually appear 8-40 hours after ingestion
treatment: emergency hospitalization, intubation, antitoxin
botulism
fairly common condition that results in chronic pain, most often affects women between the ages of 20-50
causes: poorly understood; may be causes/worsened by emotional distress, a virus, poor blood flow to the area, sleep disturbances
symptoms: fatigue, tiredness, tenderness of certain areas on the body, sleep disturbances, chronic facial pain
treatment: anti-depressants, anti-inflammatory and nerve meds, lifestyle changes and counseling to reduce stress,, reduction of caffine
fibromyalgia
a group of inherited muscle disorders characterized by muscle loss and weakness. several types depending on the symptoms and age of appearance
treatment: physical therapy, braces and mobility aids, surgery, various meds
MD - muscular dystrophy
“lockjaw” has a high mortality rate (especially in kids)
causes: colostridium tetani is naturally found in dirt and water, usually enters the body via a cut or puncture wound
symptoms appear in 5-10 days; muscle spasms in the jaw, neck, and face, may spread to other areas and cause fractures, irritability, fever, drooling, profuse sweating
treatment: antitoxin and antibiotics, sedation, muscle relaxants, mechanical ventilation in severe cases
tetanus
progressive, degenerative disorder of the brain
causes: fiber tangles within neurons, degenerating nerve fibers, decreased neurotransmitter production, advanced age, genetic links
symptoms: memory loss, confusion, personality changes, speech deterioration, impaired judgment, restlessness
treatment: no cure, management with medications; slowed with exercise, a calm environment, good nutrition, social activity
alzheimer’s disease
“Lou Gherig’s Disease,” a fatal disorder characterized by the degeneration of neurons in the spinal cord and brain
causes: we suspect hereditary and environmental factors
symptoms: cramping in the hands and feet, persistent tripping and falling, slurred speech, breathing difficulty, paralysis
treatment: no cure; physical, speech, and respiratory therapy;
ALS - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
sudden attack of the peripheral nerves by the immune system, the disease runs its course
causes: degeneration of the meyalin sheathe by the immune system. sometimes triggered by vaccines, pregnancy, or viruses
symptoms: weakness that may progress to paralysis; severe cases may include difficulty breathing and abnormal heartbeat
Gullain-Barre syndrome
inflamation of the connective tissue in the skin
causes: staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria
symptoms: painful, tight, red skin; possible fever
treatment: oral/topical antibiotics, possible IV meds in a hospital if severe
cellulitis
chronic dermatitis that has acute phases
causes: mostly unknown, possibly related to an inflammatory condition; environmental irritation (stress, diet, meds, ets)
symptoms: blistering and itchy skin, red, scaly
treatment: topical steroids, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory meds
eczema
“swimmers rash”
folliculitis
caused by a virus
type 1: cold sores; spread by saliva
type 2: genital, sexually transmitted
herpes simplex
“shingles”
herpes zoster
genital, body, or head lice
pediculosis
common chronic, inflammatory skin condition
causes: most likely an inherited auto-immune disease
symptoms: distinct silvery, scaly lesions; some people also have joint pain with this, known as ___ arthritis”
psoriasis
the sagittal plane divides the body into __ & __ portions
left and right
the transverse plane divides the body into __ & __ portions
top and bottom
in relation to body directions, caudal also means ___
inferior
