Chapter 21 - Organization of the Body Flashcards
matter that generally contains carbon and hydrogen
organic matter
combination of two atoms from different elements
a compound
chemical combination of two or more atoms
a molecule
a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or function
a gene
positively and negatively charges particles
ions
simplest unit of all matter
atoms
results when errors occur during DNA duplication
mutations
substance that releases ions into the water
electrolytes
matter that does not contain carbon or hydrogen
inorganic
smallest living unit
cell
is diffusion a active or passive mechanism?
passive
what is PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
a technique used to make multiple copies of DNA, even small fragments
what kind of tissue covers the body and lines body cavities
epithelial tissue
what cavity contains the brain and spinal cord
dorsal
what is the anatomical position
body erect; head, feet, and palms facing anteriorly (forward)
the shoulder is ___ to the elbow
proximal
the abdominal and pelvic cavity are separated by the
diaphragm
the iliac region is also known as the ___ region
inguinal
in which quadrant is the appendix located
RLQ
acidic pH is ___
less than 7
basic pH is ___
greater than 7
neutral pH is ___
7
the most abundant inorganic compound in the body is ___
water
cell membranes have __ layers of phospholipid
2
the heart, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and trachea are in the ___ cavity
thoracic
if a characteristic is carried on the female chromosome, the disease is known as __-linked
X
different forms of genes are called
alleles
which organelles preform the cells digestive function
lysosomes
which type of gland secretes its product directly into the blood stream
endocrine
the ankle is ___ to the foot
proximal
anteroposterior means
front to back
a cell doing normal, daily function is in what phase
interphase
____ is the process that uses pressure to separate substances in a solution
filtration
diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane is ____
osmosis
___ is the movement of a substance from a high concentration area to a low one
diffusion
the study of matter and chemical reactions in the body is ____
biochemistry
the most abundant tissue in the body is ____
connective tissue
overall chemical function of the body is ____
metabolism
ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules are ___ tissue
dense connective tissue
adiose connective tissue is located ___
all throughout the body
cartilage connective tissue is located ___
between vertebrae (discs) and the ends of long bones
osseous connective tissue is located ___
bones
the dorsal cavity contains the ___ and ___ cavity
cranial and spinal
the ventral cavity contains ___ and ___ cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic
the ___ cavity contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, and trachea
thoracic
the stomach, small/large intestines, gallbladder, liver, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas are in the ___ cavity
the abdominopelvic cavity
the three types of muscle
skeletal, visceral, cardiac
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Sorts proteins from ribosomes, produce carbs, store/prep secretions for removal
What do the centrioles do
Equally separate the chromosomes to the daughter cells
What do the endoplasmc reticulums do
Create pathways for substances to move throughout the cell
neurons vs neuroglial cells
neurons are bigger and transport impulses.
Neuroglial cells are more abundant support cells
Summarize the integumentary system
skin, nails, sweat glands
sensory, protection, temp regulation, prevents water loss, Vit D precursors
Summarize the skeletal system
bones, ligaments, joints and their cartilage
protection, support, movement, produces blood, stores minerals
Summarize the muscular system
movement, posture, body heat, attached to the skeleton by tendons
Summarize the lymphatic system
vessels and nodes
filters substances from blood and lymph, combats disease, absorbs fat from the GI, tissue/fluid balance
Summarize the respiratory system
blood pH, oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
Summarize the nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
senses, movement, all brain/body functions
Summarize the cardiovascular system
heart, blood and vessles
transport system for nutrients/waste/gas/hormones, immune response, body temp
Summarize the urinary system
kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra
waste removal, pH regulation, ion/water balance
superior / cranial
above, close to the head
inferior / caudal
below, close to the feet
anterior / ventral
toward the front of the body
posterior / dorsal
toward the back of the body
medial
close to the midline
lateral
away from the midline
proximal
close to the point of attachment, close to the trunk of the body
distal
farther away from the point of attachment, farther away from the trunk
sagittal plane
right and left sides
midsagittal plane
right and left sides even down the middle
transverse plane
superior/inferior portions
frontal / coronal plane
anterior and posterior
the ___ and ___ cavity make up the dorsal cavity
cranial and spinal
the ___, ___, and ___ cavities make up the ventral cavity
thoracic, abdominopelvic, and pelvic
the lungs, heart, esophagus, and trachea are in the ___ cavity
the thoracic cavity
what cavity houses the:
superior/inferior pelvic cavities, stomach, small/large intestines, gallbladder, liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas
the abdominopelvic cavity
the pelvic cavity contains the ___ and ____ organs
bladder and reproductive organs
the cell membrane is made up of
two layers of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and some carbs
cytoplasm is made of
water, ions, and nutrients
the finger-like projections on the cell, help move the cell around; usually found on mucus membranes
cilia
what is a flagellum
the tail some cells have (like sperm)
what is responsible for protein synthesis (along with RNA) and supports the protein as its forming
ribosomes
what forms networks to transport substances through the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum: what do they do
sort/process proteins from the ribosomes; synthesize carbs, prepares/stores secretions to be discarded from the cell
golgi apparatus
lysosomes serve as the cells ___
digestive system
2 cylinders that equally distribute chromosomes to the daughter cells
centrioles
rough endoplasmic reticulum is rough because it has ___ on it
ribosomes
the 4 phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
the phase of mitosis when centrioles move to the ends and create spindle fibers
porphase
the phase of mitosis when chromosomes line up in the middle
metaphase
meta- subsequent to, next in line
the phase of mitosis when the chromosomes actually pull apart
anaphase
ana-apart
the phase of mitosis when the cell is done dividing
telephase
call mom at the end of your day
there are __ chromosomes, making __ pairs
46; 23
meiosis is exclusively for ___ cells
reproductive
meiosis results in __ cells
4
each reproductive cell has __ chromosomes instead of 46
- when they combine, it completes the halves
what is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A quick, easy method for making millions of copies of a DNA fragment– even with just one cell
what is DNA fingerprinting
identifying individuals (and their genetic disorders) by mapping there DNA
homologous chromosomes are also known as ___
autosomes
what are autosomes
the first 22 of the 23 chromosome pairs
the 23rd chromosome pair is either __ or __
XY or XX
what are alleles
the dominant or recessive gene/traits
the tiny protrusions that increase the cells surface area for diffusion without making the cell bigger
microvilli
