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PSYC-101 > Final exam (Chapters 13, 14, 15 and some review) > Flashcards

Final exam (Chapters 13, 14, 15 and some review) Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychopathology:

A

The study of abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

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2
Q

biological model

A

Disordered behavior and thinking are caused by biological changes
in the chemical, structural, or genetic
systems of the body.

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3
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

Maladaptive functioning comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought.

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4
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Disordered thinking or behavior is the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.

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5
Q

Psychodynamic model

A

Abnormal thinking and behavior stem from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious.

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6
Q

Behaviorism

A

Abnormal behavior is learned.

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7
Q

Cultural relativity:

A

Need to consider norms and customs of another culture when diagnosing person from that culture with a disorder
- Cultural syndromes

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8
Q

Sociocultural perspective:

A

Abnormal/normal thinking or behavior is product of behavioral shaping within context of:

  • Family influences
  • Social group to which one belongs
  • Culture within which family and social group exist
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9
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A
  • First published in 1952
  • Revised multiple times as knowledge and ways of thinking about psychological disorders has changed.
  • Most recent edition published in 2013, the DSM-5
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10
Q

Phobia:

A

Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity

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11
Q

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia):

A

Fear of negative evaluation in social situations

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12
Q

Specific phobias:

A

Fear of particular objects, situations, or events

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13
Q

Agoraphobia:

A

Fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

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14
Q

Panic disorder:

A

Frequent, disruptive panic attacks

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15
Q

Panic attack:

A

Sudden, intense panic; multiple physical and emotional symptoms

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16
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  • Feelings of dread/doom and physical stress lasting at least six months
  • Source of anxiety often cannot be pinpointed
  • Worry about things most people would not worry about
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17
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A
  • With DSM-5, this disorder is no longer classified as an anxiety disorder.
    • Now falls in the category of “Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders.”
  • Obsessive, recurring thoughts create anxiety.
  • Compulsive, ritualistic, repetitive behavior or mental acts reduce that anxiety.
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18
Q

Acute stress disorder (ASD)

A

Occur immediately after a traumic event

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19
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder:

A

Symptoms include persistent ASD lasting longer than a month or can emerge as late as six months after trauma

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20
Q

Acute stress disorder (ASD)
and
Posttraumatic stress disorder

A

Both disorders are no longer classified as anxiety disorders in the DSM-5

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21
Q

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

- Psychodynamic:

A

Repressed urges and desires trying to come into consciousness, create anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior or thinking

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22
Q

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

- Behavioral

A

Disordered behavior learned through operant and classical conditioning techniques

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23
Q

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

- Cognitive

A

Excessive anxiety comes from illogical, irrational thought processes

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24
Q

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

- Biological

A

Nervous system dysfunction, genetic transmission

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25
Q

Bipolar and Related Disorders and Depressive Disorders

A

Affect: An emotional reaction

Disorders of mood: Disturbances in emotion ranging from mild to moderate, or can be extreme

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26
Q

Major Depressive Disorder:

A

Severe depression, sudden, no apparent external cause
Most common of the diagnosed disorders of mood
1.5 to 3 times more likely in women as it is in men

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27
Q

Bipolar I Disorder:

A

Mood spans from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression

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28
Q

Bipolar II Disorder:

A

Normal mood with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania

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29
Q

Bipolar Disorder and ADHD

A

Possible connection between ADHD and adolescent onset of bipolar disorder.
Significantly higher rates of ADHD among relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder.
Irrational thinking and mania are common in bipolar not present in ADHD.
Hyperactivity can be present in both disorders.

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30
Q

Causes of Disordered Mood

- Behavioral

A

Link depression to learned helplessness

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31
Q

Causes of Disordered Mood

- Cognitive

A

See depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking

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32
Q

Causes of Disordered Mood

- Biological

A

Variation in neurotransmitter levels or specific brain activity; genes and heritability play a part

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33
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

BMI less than 18.5 in adults

Vomiting, laxative abuse, food restriction, and excessive exercise used to control food intake

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34
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Binging large quantities of food with attempts to rid self of food through inappropriate means

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35
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

Uncontrolled binge eating, but no attempts to purge or use inappropriate methods to avoid weight gain

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36
Q

Causes of Eating Disorders

A
  • Adolescents and young adults are most at risk.
  • Eating disorders have been observed in non-Western cultures that are not focused on thinness.
  • Genetic components for eating disorders account for 40 to 60 percent of the risk for anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder.
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37
Q

Dissociative disorders:

A

Break in conscious awareness, memory, and/or sense of identity

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38
Q

Dissociative amnesia:

A

Memory loss for personal information, either partial or complete
- Can occur with or without dissociative fugue, sudden travel away from home with amnesia for trip and possibly personal identity

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39
Q

Dissociative identity disorder:

A

Person seems to have two or more distinct personalities

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40
Q

Causes of Dissociative Disorders

- PSYCHODYNAMIC:

A

Point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a defense mechanism against anxiety

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41
Q

Causes of Dissociative Disorders

- COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL

A

Trauma-related thought avoidance is negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain

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42
Q

Causes of Dissociative Disorders

- BIOLOGICAL:

A

Lower than normal activity levels in areas responsible for body awareness; depersonalization disorder

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43
Q

Schizophrenia:

A

Severely disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, inability to separate fantasy from reality

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44
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

- POSITIVE

A

Excesses of, or additions to, normal behavior
Delusions: Unshakeable, false beliefs
Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that don’t exist

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45
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

- NEGATIVE

A

Less than, or an absence of, normal behavior
Poor attention
Flat affect: A lack of emotional responsiveness
Poor speech production

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46
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A
  • Positive symptoms appear to be associated with overactivity of dopamine areas of the brain; negative with lower dopamine activity
  • Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development
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47
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A
  • Genetics, brain structural defects have been implicated

- Genetics supported by twin and adoption studies

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48
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A
  • Biological roots supported by universal lifetime prevalence across cultures of approximately 7–8 people out of 1,000
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49
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A

Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development

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50
Q

Personality disorders:

A

Persistent, rigid, maladaptive behavior interfering with normal social interaction

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51
Q

Borderline personality disorder:

A
  • Moody
  • Unstable sense of identity
  • Clings to others
  • More common in women
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52
Q

Antisocial personality disorder:

A
  • Disorder is more common in men.
  • Symptoms:
    • May habitually break the law, disobey rules, or tell lies with no regard for others’ feelings.
    • Indifferent, or able to rationalize taking advantage of or hurting others.
    • Disorder is more common in men.
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53
Q

Causes of Personality Disorders

- COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL:

A

Specific behaviors learned over time, associated with maladaptive belief systems

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54
Q

Causes of Personality Disorders

- GENETIC FACTORS:

A

Biological relatives of people with personality disorders more likely to develop similar disorders

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55
Q

Causes of Personality Disorders

- STRESS TOLERANCE:

A

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are emotionally unreactive to stress or threat, and have lower than normal levels of stress hormones

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56
Q

Causes of Personality Disorders

- FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS:

A

Linked to disturbances in family communications and relationships

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57
Q

Therapy

A

Treatment to make people feel better and function more effectively

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58
Q

Early Treatment

A 
1500s:
Mentally ill confined to asylums
Treatments harsh, often damaging
Philippe Pinel:
Psychiatrist
Demanded humane treatment of the mentally ill
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59
Q

Psychotherapy:

A

Involves a person talking to a psychological professional about the person’s problems

  • Insight
  • Action
  • Goals
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60
Q

Biomedical therapy:

A

Uses a medical procedure to bring about changes in behavior

  • Drugs
  • Surgical methods
  • Electric shock treatments
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61
Q

Psychoanalysis:

A

Therapy to reveal unconscious conflicts

  • Dream interpretation
    • Manifest content
    • Latent content
  • Free association
  • Resistance
  • Transference
62
Q

Psychodynamic therapy:

A

Modern therapy with roots in psychoanalysis

  • More focus on ego transference
  • Shorter treatment
  • More directive: Therapist actively gives interpretations of client’s statements and may suggest certain behavior, actions
63
Q

Interpersonal Therapy

A
  • Insight therapy
  • Focuses on relationships and the events of everyday life
  • Derived from psychoanalysis
  • Does have research support for its effectiveness in treating depression.
64
Q

Person-centered therapy

A

Nondirective insight therapy
Based on work of Carl Rogers
Client talks, therapist listens

65
Q

Four Elements of Rogers’s Therapy

A
  • Authenticity
  • Empathy
  • Inconditional positive regard
  • Reflection
66
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A
  • “Client-centered therapy with a twist” (Arkowitz and Miller).
  • Four principles
    • Express empathy
    • Develop discrepancy between client’s present behaviors, values
    • Roll with resistance
    • Support the client’s self-efficacy
67
Q

Gestalt therapy:

A

Client accepts all of self; directive, role playing, leading questions confrontation of clients’ statements

  • Originated by Fritz Perls
  • “Empty-chair” technique
68
Q

Evaluation of Humanistic Therapies

A
  • Broad application in career, workplace, marriage, etc.
  • Works best with intelligent, highly verbal persons
  • Not based in experimental research
69
Q

Behavior therapies:

A

Action therapies focused on behavior, not causes
- Classical and operant conditioning
Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis: Change behaviors via learning techniques

70
Q

Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis:

A

Change behaviors via learning techniques

71
Q

Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning

- Systematic desensitization:

A

For treating phobias

  • Step 1: Relaxation training
  • Step 2: Fear hierarchy
  • Step 3: Progressive exposure
72
Q

Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning

- Exposure therapy:

A

Introduces clients to situations related to their anxieties under controlled conditions

  • Graded exposure: Slow, gradual exposure
  • Flooding: Rapid, intense exposure
  • EMDR
73
Q

Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning

- Aversion therapy:

A

Undesirable behavior paired with aversive stimulus

74
Q

Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning

- Modeling:

A

Learning via observation and imitation

- Participant modeling: Model takes client through step-by-step process for desired behavior

75
Q

Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning

A

Reinforcement: Strengthening of response by following it with a pleasurable consequence (positive reinforcement) or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (negative reinforcement)

  • Token economy: Reinforcers earned and exchanged for desired things
  • Contingency contract: Formal agreement on behavior change, reinforcements, penalties
76
Q

Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning

- Extinction:

A

Remove reinforcer, reduce undesirable behavior

Time Out: Removal from situation that reinforces undesirable behavior

77
Q

Evaluation of Behavior Therapies

A
  • Effective treatment of specific problems
  • Control symptoms quickly and effectively
  • Not effective with serious psychological disorders overall, but can improve specific symptoms
78
Q

Selective thinking

A

Focusing on only one aspect of the situation

79
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Making sweeping conclusions based on only one incident

80
Q

Magnification and minimization

A

Negative events blown out of proportion; positive events ignored

81
Q

Arbitrary inference

A

Jumping to conclusions without evidence

82
Q

Personalization

A

Assuming too much personal responsibility

83
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT):

A

Learning to think more rationally and logically
Three goals:
1. Relieve symptoms and solve problems
2. Develop strategies for solving future problems
3. Help change irrational, distorted thinking

84
Q

Cognitive Therapies

- Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT):

A

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Irrational beliefs challenged and restructured

85
Q

Evaluation of Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies

A
  • Relatively less expensive and short-term
  • Effective for depression, stress, anxiety
  • Criticized for focusing on symptoms and not causes of disordered behavior
  • Potential bias in therapist’s opinions
86
Q

Types of Group Therapy

A
  • Family counseling (family therapy): Family members meet together with a counselor
  • Self-help groups (support groups): Group of people with similar problems meet together without therapist
87
Q

Group Therapy

A

Disadvantages:

  • Must share therapist’s time
  • Lack of private setting in which to reveal concerns
  • Individuals with severe disorders or symptoms may be unable to tolerate group
88
Q

Group Therapy

A

Advantages:

  • Lower cost
  • Exposure to others with similar problems
  • Social interaction with others
  • Social and emotional support
  • Effective for people with social anxiety
89
Q

Evaluation of Group Therapy

A
  • Most useful for people who cannot afford individual therapy
  • Can provide a great deal of social and emotional support and validation
90
Q

Effectiveness of psycotherapy

A

Surveys and studies

  • 75 to 90 percent of those treated feel therapy helped
  • Longer a person stays in therapy, the better the improvement
  • Certain therapies better for certain problems
  • No one method effective for all problems
91
Q

Characteristics of Effective Therapy

A
  • Matching therapy to client and problem
  • Therapeutic alliance: Warm, caring, accepting, empathic, respectful relationship between therapist and client
  • Protected setting
  • Opportunity for catharsis
  • Learning and practice of new behaviors
  • Positive experiences
92
Q

Evidence-Based Treatment

A
  • Refers to techniques that produce desired changes in controlled studies
  • Includes systematic reviews of information ranging from assessment to intervention
93
Q

Evidence-Based Treatment

A

Examples

  • Exposure therapies
  • Cognitive–behavioral therapies
  • Cognitive processing for PTSD
  • Cognitive–behavioral treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia
  • Cognitive–behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder
  • Cognitive therapy for depression
  • Antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
  • Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression
94
Q

Four barriers to effective psychotherapy:

A
  • Culture-bound values
  • Class-bound values
  • Language
  • Nonverbal communication
95
Q

Biomedical therapies:

A

Affect biological functioning of body and brain

96
Q

Psychopharmacology:

A

Use of drugs to relieve symptoms of disorders

97
Q

Antidepressant drugs:

A

Treat depression and anxiety

  • Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
  • Tricyclics
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
98
Q

Antipsychotic drugs:

A

Treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations

99
Q

Antianxiety drugs:

A

Calm anxiety reactions

100
Q

Antimanic drugs:

A

Treat symptoms of mania (e.g., manic phase of bipolar disorder)

101
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):

A

Delivery of an electric shock to either one side or both sides of a person’s head
- Quick, short-term treatment for severe depression

102
Q

Psychosurgery:

A

Surgery on brain tissue to relieve symptoms of severe psychological disorders

  • Prefrontal lobotomy: Connections between pre-frontal cortex
    • Transorbital lobotomy
  • Bilateral anterior cingulotomy: Deep lesioning of cingulate gyrus via electrode
103
Q

Psychosurgery, Emerging technologies:

A
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
  • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
104
Q

Virtual reality therapy:

A
  • Computer-based simulation of environments
  • Can be used to treat disorders such as phobias and PTSD
  • Less risk than that of actual exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli
  • Particularly useful as a delivery system for exposure therapy
105
Q

personality

A 
Unique
and
stable
ways
people
think,
feel,
and
behave
106
Q

Temperament

A

Enduring characteristics each person is born with

107
Q

Character

A

Value judgments of morality and ethics

108
Q

Four Traditional Perspectives

A
  • psycohodynamic
  • behavioral
  • humanistic
  • trait
109
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • Founder, psychoanalytic movement
  • Cultural background
    • Victorian era
      • Sexual repression, sex for procreation, mistresses satisfied men’s “uncontrollable” sexual desires
110
Q

Psychological defense mechanisms:

A

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

111
Q

Fixation:

A

Unresolved psychosexual stage conflict

- “Stuck” in stage of development

112
Q

Psychosexual stages:

A

Five stages of personality

Tied to sexual development

113
Q

LATENCY STAGE

A
  • Age 6 to puberty

- Sexual feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills

114
Q

PHALLIC STAGE

A

3 to 6 years
Superego develops
Sexual feelings
Oedipus complex / Electra complex

115
Q

Oral stage

A
  • First stage, first 18 months
  • Mouth = erogenous zone
  • Weaning is primary conflict
116
Q

Anal stage

A

18-36 months

  • Ego develops
  • Toilet training conflict
  • Expulsive vs. retentive personalities
117
Q

Genital stage

A
  • Puberty on

- Sexual feelings consciously expressed

118
Q

Jung:

A

Personal and collective unconscious, archetypes

119
Q

Adler:

A

Inferiority and compensation, birth-order theory

120
Q

Horney:

A

Basic anxiety and neurotic personalities

121
Q

Erikson:

A

Social relationships across the lifespan

122
Q

Trait

A

Consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

123
Q

Conditional positive regard:

A

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

124
Q

Unconditional positive regard:

A

Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

125
Q

Behaviorists define personality as:

A

a set of learned responses or habits.

126
Q

Social cognitive theorists emphasize:

A

the importance of others’ behaviors and one’s own expectations.

127
Q

Reciprocal Determinism:

A

Environment, characteristics of the person, and behavior itself all interact

128
Q

Self-Efficacy:

A

Perception of one’s competence in a certain circumstance

129
Q

Personality is set of potential responses to various situations, including:

A
  • Locus of control

- Sense of expectancy

130
Q

Humanistic view:

A

Focuses on traits that make people uniquely human

- Reaction against negativity of psychoanalysis and behavioral determinism

131
Q

Self-Actualizing tendency

A

Striving to fulfill innate capabilities

132
Q

Self-Concept

A

Image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one’s life

133
Q

Real self:

A

One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

134
Q

Ideal self:

A

What one should or would like to be

135
Q

Allport: Listed 200 traits and believed traits were part of nervous system

A

Listed 200 traits and believed traits were part of nervous system

136
Q

Cattell:

A

Reduced number of traits to between 16 and 23 with statistical method called factor analysis

137
Q

Surface traits:

A

Can be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
Example: Shyness, being quiet, avoiding crowds

138
Q

Source traits:

A

More basic traits forming core of personality

Example: Introversion is source trait in which people withdraw

139
Q

The Big Five

A
  • Openness
  • Neuroticism
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
140
Q

Behavior genetics:

A

Study of heredity and personality

- Selective breeding of animals leading to predictable temperaments

141
Q

Hofstede’s Four Dimensions

A
  • Individualism/Collectivism
  • Power distance
  • Masculinity/Femininity
  • Uncertainty avoidance
142
Q

Personality inventory:

A

Questionnaire with standard list of questions

  • Response format: Yes, no, can’t decide, etc.
  • Include validity scales to prevent cheating, but such measures are not perfect
143
Q

NEO-PI:

A

Based on the five-factor model

144
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator:

A

Based on Jung’s theory of personality types

145
Q

MMPI-2:

A

Designed to detect abnormal behavior and thinking patterns in personality

146
Q

Direct observation:

A

Professional observes client; clinical or natural settings
- Rating scale: Numeric value assigned to specific behavior
- Frequency count: Frequency of behaviors is counted
Problems:
- Observer effects/bias
- Lack of control

147
Q

Projective tests:

A
  • Projection: Projecting one’s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others
  • Projective tests: Ambiguous visual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind
    • Rorschach inkblot test: 10 inkblots as ambiguous stimuli
    • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations
  • Subjectivity problems with projective tests
148
Q

Halo effect:

A

Allowing client’s positive traits to influence assessment of client

149
Q

Interview:

A

Professional asks questions of client, structured or unstructured

150
Q

After-image

A

Opponent process theory

PSYC-101 (3 decks)

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