Exam 2 (Chapters 5, 6, & 7)

Question 1

What are the components of the information processing model in order?

Answer 1

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

A very high rate of responding is produced by what schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 2

variable ratio

Question 3

What are the important concepts in operant conditioning?

Answer 3

• end result is an increase in the rate of an already occurring response
• responses are voluntary, emitted by the organism
• consequences are important in forming an association
• reinforcement should be immediate
• an expectancy develops for reinforcement to follow a correct response

Question 4

What are the schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 4

fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, and variable ratio

Question 5

punishment

Answer 5

an event or stimulus that, when following a response, causes that response to be less likely to happen again

Question 6

punishment by application

Answer 6

occurs when something unpleasant (such as spanking, scolding, or other unpleasant stimulus) is added to the situation or applied

Question 7

punishment by removal

Answer 7

behavior is punished by the removal of something pleasurable or desired after the behavior occurs

Question 8

continuous reinforcement

Answer 8

a reinforcer for each and every correct response

Question 9

partial reinforcement effect

Answer 9

a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses will be more resistant to extinction

Question 10

shaping

Answer 10

small steps toward some ultimate goal are reinforced until the goal itself is reached

Question 11

neurofeedback

Answer 11

involves trying to change brain activity

Question 12

biofeedback

Answer 12

the traditional term used to describe this kind of biological feedback of information, and through its use many problems can be relieved or controlled

Question 13

learning

Answer 13

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Question 14

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 14

original, naturally occurring stimulus that ordinary leads to an involuntary response

Question 15

three processes of memory

Answer 15

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 16

recall

Answer 16

few or no external cues required

Question 17

formal concepts

Answer 17

defined by specific rules or features

Question 18

natural concepts

Answer 18

form as a result of real-world experience (fuzziness)

Question 19

prototype

Answer 19

example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept

Question 20

problem solving

Answer 20

cognition used to reach goal by thinking/behaving in certain ways

Question 21

concept

Answer 21

idea that represents category of objects, events, or activities

Question 22

mental images

Answer 22

picture-like representations of objects and events

Question 23

thinking

Answer 23

mental activity for organizing, understanding, and communicating

Question 24

heuristic

Answer 24

guess based on experience (“rule of thumb”)

Question 25

algorithms

Answer 25

specific steps for solving certain problems

Question 26

insight

Answer 26

the sudden perception of a solution to a problem (“Aha!” moment)

Question 27

mental set

Answer 27

persist in using past problem-solving patterns

Question 28

functional fixedness

Answer 28

thinking about only most typical functions of objects

Question 29

confirmation bias

Answer 29

search for evidence that fits beliefs while ignoring evidence not fitting beliefs

Question 30

creativity

Answer 30

solving problems by combining ideas or behaviors in new ways

Question 31

convergent

Answer 31

all lines of problem solving lead to single answer

Question 32

divergent

Answer 32

from one point to many ideas or possibilities

Question 33

intelligence

Answer 33

ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, and adapt

Question 34

G factor

Answer 34

general intelligence

Question 35

S factor

Answer 35

specific intelligence

Question 36

memory

Answer 36

active system that senses, organizes, alters, and retrieves information

Question 37

working memory

Answer 37

an active system that processes the information in short-term memory

Question 38

short-term memory

Answer 38

memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

Question 39

long-term memory

Answer 39

system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

Question 40

declarative (explicit) memory:

Answer 40

• semantic memory: facts, general knowledge

- episodic memory: events experienced by a person

Question 41

nondeclarative (implicit) memory:

Answer 41

motor skills, habits, classically conditioned reflexes

Question 42

false positive

Answer 42

occurs when one thinks that one recognizes someone or something, but in fact does not

Question 43

constructive processing

Answer 43

retrieval of memories altered by inclusion of newer information and/or exclusion of former details

Question 44

false-memory syndrome

Answer 44

creation of inaccurate or false memories via others’ suggestions, often while the person is under hypnosis

Question 45

the law of effect was proposed by who?

Answer 45

Thorndike

Question 46

a negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is and thus
the probability of a response.

Answer 46

removed; increases