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PSYC-101 > Exam 3 (Chapters 8, 9, 12) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Chapters 8, 9, 12) Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. The five stages of dying postulated by Kubler-Ross is?
A
  • Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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2
Q
  1. The observation that people often seek stimulation and that not all motives are aroused by internal states contradicts the theory of motivation
A

Drive-reduction

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3
Q
  1. The most obvious change ushering in adolescence is?
A

The Growth Spurt

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4
Q
  1. According to Erikson’s theory, the stage of development occurs in old age?
A

Integrity versus despair

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5
Q
  1. Most young adolescents are at the level of thinking which Piaget described as?
A

Concrete operational

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6
Q
  1. In what stage does object permeance happen?
A

Preoperational

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7
Q
  1. Motivation refers to that which
A

energizes the behavior of an organism and directs the behavior of an organism

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8
Q
  1. The concept that a person acts in a certain manner because of an innate predisposition to do so is based on the theory
A

Instinct

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9
Q
  1. Which of the following does NOT support drive-reduction theory?
A

Going jogging when you are bored

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10
Q
  1. An example of intrinsic motivation is reading a textbook because:
A

you enjoy reading it

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11
Q
  1. It is believed that the hypothalamus controls
A

long-term mechanisms of body weight

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12
Q

human development

A

the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death

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13
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior influence and are influenced by social groups

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14
Q

conformity

A

changing one’s own behavior to match that of other people

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15
Q

social influence

A

process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an indicidual

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16
Q

Groupthink:

A

Occurs when a decision-making group feels that it is more important to maintain group unanimity and cohesiveness than to consider the facts realistically

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17
Q

Group polarization:

A

Tendency for members involved in a group discussion to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions when compared to individuals who have not participated in a group discussion

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18
Q

Social impairment:

A

Negative influence of others on performance

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19
Q

Social loafing:

A

When a lazy person works in a group, that person often performs less well than if the person were working alone

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20
Q

Social facilitation:

A

Positive influence of others on performance

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21
Q

Attitude:

A

Tendency to respond positively or negatively toward certain people, ideas, objects, or situations

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22
Q

Components of Attitudes:

A

Behavior
Affect
Cognition

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23
Q

Persuasion:

A

Attempt to change another’s attitude via argument, explanation, etc.

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24
Q

Cognitive dissonance:

A

Discomfort arising when one’s thoughts and behaviors do not correspond

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25
Q

Lessening cognitive dissonance:

A

Change the conflicting behavior
Change the conflicting attitude
Form a new attitude to justify the behavior

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26
Q

Stereotype:

A

Set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category

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27
Q

Social categorization:

A

Automatic unconscious assignment of a new acquaintance to some category or group

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28
Q

Impression formation:

A

Forming of first knowledge about another person
Influenced by primacy effect
Part of social cognition

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29
Q

Implicit personality theories

A

are sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are all related and form in childhood.

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30
Q

Attribution:

A

Process of explaining the behavior of others as well as one’s own behavior

31
Q

Types of attribution

A

Dispositional (internal)
Situational
(external)

32
Q

Discrimination:

A

Treating others differently because of prejudice

33
Q

Prejudice:

A

Negative thoughts and feelings about a particular group

34
Q

In-group:

A

Social groups with whom a person identifies; “us”

35
Q

Out-group:

A

Social groups with whom a person does not identify; “them”

36
Q

Interpersonal attraction:

A

Liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person

37
Q

aggression

A

When one person hurts or tries to destroy another person deliberately, either with words or with physical behavior, psychologists call it aggression

38
Q

Social neuroscience

A

The study of the relationship between biological systems and social processes and behavior

39
Q

The fetal stage:

A

The time from about 8 weeks after conception until the birth of the baby

40
Q

Vygotsky:

A

Stressed importance of social interactions with other people, typically more highly skilled children and adults
Scaffolding
Zone of proximal development

41
Q

Piaget:

A

Stressed importance of child’s interaction with objects as a primary factor in cognitive development

42
Q

Attachment:

A

Bond between infant and caregiver

43
Q

Preconventional

A

Consequences determine morality
Reward = good
Punishment = bad

44
Q

Postconventional

A

Morality decided upon by individual

May conflict with rules and/or accepted norms

45
Q

Conventional

A

Conforming to society’s norms

Rules/laws

46
Q

motivation

A

The process by which activities are started, directed, or continued to meet physical or psychological needs

47
Q

Intrinsic motivation:

A

Act itself is motivating or internally rewarding

48
Q

Extrinsic motivation:

A

Outcome is separate from person

49
Q

Acquired drives:

A

learned through experience

50
Q

primary drives

A

involve the needs of the body

51
Q

Drive:

A

Need leads to psychological tension and physical arousal

52
Q

Need:

A

Requirement of material (e.g., food, water) essential for survival

53
Q

Drive-reduction theory:

A

Act to reduce, satisfy need, and reduce tension

54
Q

sensation seeker

A

someone who needs more arousal than the average person

55
Q

peak experiences

A

Times when self-actualization is temporarily achieved

56
Q

self-actualization

A

lower needs satisfied, full human potential achieved

Growth vs. deficiency needs

57
Q

Self-determination theory (SDT):

A

Social context of action has effect on type of motivation

58
Q

Glucagon:

A

Hormone secreted by pancreas

Increases glucose to control levels of fats, proteins, carbohydrates

59
Q

Insulin:

A

Hormone secreted by pancreas

Reduces glucose to control levels of fats, proteins, carbohydrates

60
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus:

A

May be involved in stopping eating when glucose level goes up

61
Q

Lateral hypothalamus:

A

Appears to influence onset of eating when insulin level goes up

62
Q

Weight set point:

A

Level of weight body tries to maintain

63
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR):

A

Rate at which body burns energy when resting

64
Q

emotion

A

feeling part of consciousness

65
Q

Leptin:

A

Hormone that signals hypothalamus that body has had enough food
May play important role in obesity

66
Q

Obesity:

A

Body weight 20% over ideal weight for given height

67
Q

Three elements of emotion

A
  1. Physical arousal
  2. Behavior that reveals emotion
  3. Inner awareness of feelings
68
Q

amygdala

A

fear and facial expressions

69
Q

Common Sense Theory of Emotion

A

A stimulus (snarling dog) leads to an emotion of fear, which then leads to bodily arousal (in this case, indicated by shaking) through the autonomic nervous system.

70
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

A stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion.

71
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

A stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which then sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time.

72
Q

Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory

A

A stimulus leads to both bodily arousal and the labeling of that arousal (based on the surrounding context), which leads to the experience and labeling of the emotional reaction

73
Q

Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion

A

A stimulus such as this snarling dog causes arousal and a facial expression. The facial expression then provides feedback to the brain about the emotion. The brain then interprets the emotion and may also intensify it.

74
Q

Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory

A

A stimulus causes an immediate appraisal (e.g., “The dog is snarling and not behind a fence, so this is dangerous”). The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily response.

PSYC-101 (3 decks)

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