Final Exam Cards Flashcards
Athens Surrenders
- )when & Why?
- ) What happens to Athens and Empire?
- ) 404:
- )30 Tyrants installed by Sparta
- The Athenian Empire is dismantled.
- Ionia again becomes subject to Persian incursion and attempts at control.
The Corinthian War:
- Who?
- When?
- Why?
- What happens?
- how does it formally end?
- Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos allied to attack Sparta. Persia switches sides and decides to send money to the Athenian, Corinthian, and Theban alliance (b/c of anabasis spartan support for cyrus the younger). Then it switches back to Sparta
- 395-387 BCE:
Why?
- Sparta had started to act very imperial. Attacked Elis and then invaded Ionia and the Persian Empire
- Thebes gained a lot of power and military experience through its participation in the Peloponnesian War.
What happens?
Sparta ultimately wins when Persia switches sides from supporting Athens/Thebes to Sparta
-Sparta loses nearly all of its sea power and has to recall its armies from Lydia.
Athens uses the moment to rebuild much of its old empire, taking the islands of Imbros, Skyros and Lemnos for a second time. break up of Theban hold on Boeotian temporarily
How does it formally end?
the king’s peace (387) brokered by Persia
The King’s Peace
-End to what war?
End to what war?
-the Corinthian War (395-387)
brokered with Persians 387
- not really a moment of change
- basic text of speech shows that King is the Persian king brokering a deal between the small Greek places
- Artaxerxes thinks the cities in Asia should belong to him (ionia lydia caria etc)
- other Greek cities should be left alone and independent except Imbros Lemnos and Skyros which belong to Athens
- no not much has been decided except
- DISSOLUTION OF PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE SOLIDIFIED
a. dorian alliance that had stood so strong simply dissapears
b. Corinth and Thebes sick of Sparta - Results in peace in Greece and peace with Persia
The Second Athenian Confederacy when? why? how different from first? -significance?
When:
-lasts 378-355 BCE
Why: Ionians and others in
-Greece were made independent after Corinthian war and the King’s Peace. That left them in an uncertain world marked by Persian and Spartan aggression. They wanted defense and assurance. Skyros imbos, lemnos are part of Athens
Wow different from first:
- Athens agrees to be less imperial
- much less an empire and much more an alliance
- Islands are allowed to stay oligarchic
- Foundational document extant. Shows not as much ruled by Congress in Athens (as Delian league was) but rather a looser confederacy
significance: by 4th century city-state model is becoming obsolete, replaced by defensive alliances and empires
Spartan attempts to control Thebes
- )Start
- )End
- ) begin 382:
- Spartans on way to campaign invade the city of Thebes
- Thebes was undergoing a period of stasis
- Spart ended Stasis by expelling democrats and establishing pro-Sparta govts in Boeotian League cities
2.) 379: Spartans Expelled
-Thebes, now a democracy and an ally of Athens, moves to re establish its control over the other cities of Boeotia.
Sparta spend the next eight years trying to counter these moves. Eventually it resulted in a land battle at Leuctra in 371
The Theban Sacred Band
Supposedly 300 men
150 Pairs of Lovers
Essential at the Battle of Leuctra
Used by Pelopidas and Epaminondas in their victories over Sparta
Battle of Tegyra
- 375
- Thebes is trying to expel Spartan Garrisons from Cities in Boeotia
- They meet a numerically superior Spartan force.
- Pelopidas wins a brilliant victory.
- Sacred Band distinguishes itself
- First time Sparta had lost pitched battle against equal forces
Battle of Leuctra 371
- Thebans are pulling armies from all of Boeotia
- Spartans pulling from whole Spartan system
- Xenophon’s hellenica is fragmentary and out of order lol
a. but it has some of the essential info we need. ie for this battle
b. Spartan army coming in, Theban army trying to intercept it
i. Spartans fan out with 8-12 guys in a line. Standard Greek frontal smash strategy
c. Thebans form in 50 deep in a diagonal line to try to “decapitate” Spartan King’s unit
i. works really well.
ii. Battle is just nasty
iii. Theban heavy 50 line smashes Spartan royal wing and slaughters it
iv. but the Spartans get away for the most part. Turn around and run back to camp. But they still had lost and lost big
After Leuctra
- Everybody revolts after Leuctra
a. perioeci and Helots both revolt from Sparta and Thebans still pissed. Sparta looking pretty f’ed
b. Thebans decide to invade peloponnesus and SUPPORT MESSENIA
c. Spartan men don’t know how to farm or trade without their slaves and servants
d. Aeolians/Boeotian identity made stronger by Thebes
i. we know what Aeolic sounds like because they have a lot of lyrics poetry. It’s like a Georgia country dialect in a pretty poetic way
Battle of Mantinea:
iii. 362: Battle of Mantinea 362: most importan battle 4th century
Broke the back of Sparta. 2. they had been unsuccessful at winning back perioeci and Helots
Too many citizens die in this battle to have a healthy city core
Thebes was also broken as their famous commander Epaminondas was killed.
This battle was really the last gasp of Greece as we often think of it.
From this point forward, Greece will become the subjects of larger and more powerful states.
After Mantinea
- After mantinea: Xenophon: you would think that whoever won this battle would be next power in Greece
a. but instead everybody lost
b. epimonandas was dead, Spartan citizens dead, eveybody sad
c. Spartans can’t recover from loss of citizens
d. and Xenophon quits on us here unfortunately like Thucydides
e. “at this point I lay aside my pen” fuck you Xenophon
f. Next sources are generally 1st century BC - Exhausted greece:
a. becomes prey for Macedonia
b. Phillip II was a hostage in Thebes between Leuctra and Mantinea. Learns from Epaminondas and the other guy directly
Macedonia:
-State formation reasons
-Geographic features
-
State Formation:
i. formation result of Thebans pushing into Thessaly and Athenians colonizing area. Also earlier Persians. they need timber for ships
Geographic Features:
- essentially one big valley surrounded by mountains
- poor sea access
- good for cattle
- good for trees
Phillip II of Macedon:
lived:
first steps:
lived: 382-336. Hostage in Thebes 368-365
First Steps:
- expanding Macedonian control in immediate area
- Gets rid of Athenian Possessions. They lose much access to wood, metal and meat.
Third Sacred War:
dates:
dates: 356-346
a. Sacred war means they are fighting over oracle of Delphi
i. Delphi has treasuries that states can put sacrifices for
iii. for philip is opportunity for force projection: it is a long way to go from Macedon
1. shows weakness of greeks after Mantinea
b. Macedon’s entry into Greek affairs. It hadn’t even been thought of as Greek before, now it is.
d. They were given votes on the Amphictyonic council: membership in it is membership int eh Greek world
Battle of Crocus
353
a. part of third sacred war
b. Philip wants Thessaly
c. gets control over Thessaly
d. logistics logistics logistics
e. He needed it for future invasion routes into Attica and Pelloponesus
f. extremely bloody battle, although they had been relativelym peaceful before so whtv
After 3rd Sacred War:
When
what is Phillip doing?
What are other Greeks doing?
when?
lull takes place in the 340s
What is Phillip doing?
Philip primarily spends the 340s invested in campaigns to the north and west of macedon.
Why? Likely metals.
What are other Greeks doing?
-Dicking around. Athens at constant war with Macedon but far away.
Phillip Invasion of Greece
when?
who defeated at what battle?
Result? How’s it looking for Macedon?
Established what alliance system?
When?
- 339/338: after lull
- Philip was out west for 10 years, then
- 339: decides to invade greece
Who defeated at what battle?
- Thebans and Athenians ally here
- Battle of Chaeronea
- massive defeat for Thebans and Athenians
Result?
- Philip has control over everything except Sparta
- Sparta talks shit but doesn’t invade. sort of stays neutral
Established what alliacne system?
- Established league of Corinth
- Help greeks feel like they aren’t under direct control
- also a way for Macedonians to acquire manpower to invade Persia (what his son will eventually do)
How is Persia looking after/during the Macedonian invasions of Greece?
a. 358-338: Artaxerxes 3rd
b. no great sources this period
c. Phoenicians and Persians sort of pissed at this point
i. Phoenicians were backbone of Persian navy
ii. so autonomy movements in a lot of Phoenician cities
iii. Egypt is also in revolt. Common problem for Persia
d. So before Alexander comes, Persia is beginning to crumble as has rest of Greeece
Battle of Chaeronea: when? who? Result? What does he want?
When:
338 BCE
Who:
Phillip and Macedonians vs Thebans and Athenians and Greeks
Result?
- Massive Macedonian Victory
- philip gains complete control of greek world. League of Corinth
What does Phillip want?
Manpower for an invasion of Persia.
But sadly, he dies before pulling it off in 336 BCE
His son, Alexander rises to power.
-one of those turning point in history where if itd gone differently shit would be really different today
Alexander: early life
lifespan:
Lived: 356-323
Studied under Aristotle
Groomed for a military career
Plutarch, Arrian and Diodorus are sources
Fought at Chaeronea (338) under father
Alexander’s Succession Problems
1.) Philip widely polygamous
2.) marriageattachments to form alliances
- ) Women “Exasperate alexander against his father”
- ) Philip and Alexander get pissed at each other overphilip’spotential new heir
- ) Macedon is a series of Chiefdoms with powerful nobles who complicate things
- and are a reason for marriage alliances
- are also a reason Alexander’s empire splits up. Nobles very loyal to an agreed leader, are great fighters, but not loyal to successors necessarily.
6.) Therefore, upon death of his father,philipcan go big or go home
- ) He immediately goes to war
- fights barbarians again. all the way up to modern Bulgaria
- importantsoureof metals & army training
8.) then Alexander entirely destroys Thebes and sells off women and children into slavery kills everybody and everything. 335BCE. Thebes had had it nice for 50 yearslol
Greece after Alexander’s Destruction of Thebes
After the destruction of Thebes in 335 , Alexander allowed most Greek city-states the appearance of freedom.
His actual target for imperial expansion was not Greece but rather the Persian Empire.
Already his father had started the invasions of these areas by establishing forward bases.
Persia after Fall of Thebes
After Artaxerxes III (died 338), Persia begins to fall apart. Thebes fell 335
Bagoas, a Persian subject manages to install a puppet king on the throne (Art IV son of Art III), while he ruled in all but name.
He killed Art IV and then installed a cousin, Darius III on the throne.
In sum:
Persia was falling apart.
When empires crumble, a couple of things happen
Regional Structures will come to the forefront
I.e. You will see the Empire break into natural political, administrative divisions
The leaders of sub division begin to go after their own rewards. This further undermines that power of the emperor.
Macedonian War Advantages: IE Why Alexander thinks he can conquer Persia quickly
1.) Learned from his father who fought Barbarian tribes at great distances
2.) New Weapons and tactics:
new weapon issarissa (double sizeddori(spear)). It’s technically not a spear but a pike because it needs to be held two handed.
16-18feet. points on both sides
allows you to defend against cavalry easily
and gives you a reach advantage
made of “Cornel wood” cherry wood isextremely hard. Grows in Macedonia. Sinks in water lulz
huge advantage that they have a lot of strong wood.Sarissaphalanxes extremely dangerous
The phalanx cannot turn as easily as before
It must be protected on its flanks
3.) All of this depends on… Cavalry!
Alexander is a brilliant cavalry man
his companions are as close to knights as we get in ancient world
Alexander figures out: cavalry is not just there to protect
he usescavalylike a wedge to punch a hole that he can sent infantry through
Protects long sarissa phalanx on its flanks
