Final Exam Cards Flashcards
Athens Surrenders
- )when & Why?
- ) What happens to Athens and Empire?
- ) 404:
- )30 Tyrants installed by Sparta
- The Athenian Empire is dismantled.
- Ionia again becomes subject to Persian incursion and attempts at control.
The Corinthian War:
- Who?
- When?
- Why?
- What happens?
- how does it formally end?
- Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos allied to attack Sparta. Persia switches sides and decides to send money to the Athenian, Corinthian, and Theban alliance (b/c of anabasis spartan support for cyrus the younger). Then it switches back to Sparta
- 395-387 BCE:
Why?
- Sparta had started to act very imperial. Attacked Elis and then invaded Ionia and the Persian Empire
- Thebes gained a lot of power and military experience through its participation in the Peloponnesian War.
What happens?
Sparta ultimately wins when Persia switches sides from supporting Athens/Thebes to Sparta
-Sparta loses nearly all of its sea power and has to recall its armies from Lydia.
Athens uses the moment to rebuild much of its old empire, taking the islands of Imbros, Skyros and Lemnos for a second time. break up of Theban hold on Boeotian temporarily
How does it formally end?
the king’s peace (387) brokered by Persia
The King’s Peace
-End to what war?
End to what war?
-the Corinthian War (395-387)
brokered with Persians 387
- not really a moment of change
- basic text of speech shows that King is the Persian king brokering a deal between the small Greek places
- Artaxerxes thinks the cities in Asia should belong to him (ionia lydia caria etc)
- other Greek cities should be left alone and independent except Imbros Lemnos and Skyros which belong to Athens
- no not much has been decided except
- DISSOLUTION OF PELOPONNESIAN LEAGUE SOLIDIFIED
a. dorian alliance that had stood so strong simply dissapears
b. Corinth and Thebes sick of Sparta - Results in peace in Greece and peace with Persia
The Second Athenian Confederacy when? why? how different from first? -significance?
When:
-lasts 378-355 BCE
Why: Ionians and others in
-Greece were made independent after Corinthian war and the King’s Peace. That left them in an uncertain world marked by Persian and Spartan aggression. They wanted defense and assurance. Skyros imbos, lemnos are part of Athens
Wow different from first:
- Athens agrees to be less imperial
- much less an empire and much more an alliance
- Islands are allowed to stay oligarchic
- Foundational document extant. Shows not as much ruled by Congress in Athens (as Delian league was) but rather a looser confederacy
significance: by 4th century city-state model is becoming obsolete, replaced by defensive alliances and empires
Spartan attempts to control Thebes
- )Start
- )End
- ) begin 382:
- Spartans on way to campaign invade the city of Thebes
- Thebes was undergoing a period of stasis
- Spart ended Stasis by expelling democrats and establishing pro-Sparta govts in Boeotian League cities
2.) 379: Spartans Expelled
-Thebes, now a democracy and an ally of Athens, moves to re establish its control over the other cities of Boeotia.
Sparta spend the next eight years trying to counter these moves. Eventually it resulted in a land battle at Leuctra in 371
The Theban Sacred Band
Supposedly 300 men
150 Pairs of Lovers
Essential at the Battle of Leuctra
Used by Pelopidas and Epaminondas in their victories over Sparta
Battle of Tegyra
- 375
- Thebes is trying to expel Spartan Garrisons from Cities in Boeotia
- They meet a numerically superior Spartan force.
- Pelopidas wins a brilliant victory.
- Sacred Band distinguishes itself
- First time Sparta had lost pitched battle against equal forces
Battle of Leuctra 371
- Thebans are pulling armies from all of Boeotia
- Spartans pulling from whole Spartan system
- Xenophon’s hellenica is fragmentary and out of order lol
a. but it has some of the essential info we need. ie for this battle
b. Spartan army coming in, Theban army trying to intercept it
i. Spartans fan out with 8-12 guys in a line. Standard Greek frontal smash strategy
c. Thebans form in 50 deep in a diagonal line to try to “decapitate” Spartan King’s unit
i. works really well.
ii. Battle is just nasty
iii. Theban heavy 50 line smashes Spartan royal wing and slaughters it
iv. but the Spartans get away for the most part. Turn around and run back to camp. But they still had lost and lost big
After Leuctra
- Everybody revolts after Leuctra
a. perioeci and Helots both revolt from Sparta and Thebans still pissed. Sparta looking pretty f’ed
b. Thebans decide to invade peloponnesus and SUPPORT MESSENIA
c. Spartan men don’t know how to farm or trade without their slaves and servants
d. Aeolians/Boeotian identity made stronger by Thebes
i. we know what Aeolic sounds like because they have a lot of lyrics poetry. It’s like a Georgia country dialect in a pretty poetic way
Battle of Mantinea:
iii. 362: Battle of Mantinea 362: most importan battle 4th century
Broke the back of Sparta. 2. they had been unsuccessful at winning back perioeci and Helots
Too many citizens die in this battle to have a healthy city core
Thebes was also broken as their famous commander Epaminondas was killed.
This battle was really the last gasp of Greece as we often think of it.
From this point forward, Greece will become the subjects of larger and more powerful states.
After Mantinea
- After mantinea: Xenophon: you would think that whoever won this battle would be next power in Greece
a. but instead everybody lost
b. epimonandas was dead, Spartan citizens dead, eveybody sad
c. Spartans can’t recover from loss of citizens
d. and Xenophon quits on us here unfortunately like Thucydides
e. “at this point I lay aside my pen” fuck you Xenophon
f. Next sources are generally 1st century BC - Exhausted greece:
a. becomes prey for Macedonia
b. Phillip II was a hostage in Thebes between Leuctra and Mantinea. Learns from Epaminondas and the other guy directly
Macedonia:
-State formation reasons
-Geographic features
-
State Formation:
i. formation result of Thebans pushing into Thessaly and Athenians colonizing area. Also earlier Persians. they need timber for ships
Geographic Features:
- essentially one big valley surrounded by mountains
- poor sea access
- good for cattle
- good for trees
Phillip II of Macedon:
lived:
first steps:
lived: 382-336. Hostage in Thebes 368-365
First Steps:
- expanding Macedonian control in immediate area
- Gets rid of Athenian Possessions. They lose much access to wood, metal and meat.
Third Sacred War:
dates:
dates: 356-346
a. Sacred war means they are fighting over oracle of Delphi
i. Delphi has treasuries that states can put sacrifices for
iii. for philip is opportunity for force projection: it is a long way to go from Macedon
1. shows weakness of greeks after Mantinea
b. Macedon’s entry into Greek affairs. It hadn’t even been thought of as Greek before, now it is.
d. They were given votes on the Amphictyonic council: membership in it is membership int eh Greek world
Battle of Crocus
353
a. part of third sacred war
b. Philip wants Thessaly
c. gets control over Thessaly
d. logistics logistics logistics
e. He needed it for future invasion routes into Attica and Pelloponesus
f. extremely bloody battle, although they had been relativelym peaceful before so whtv
After 3rd Sacred War:
When
what is Phillip doing?
What are other Greeks doing?
when?
lull takes place in the 340s
What is Phillip doing?
Philip primarily spends the 340s invested in campaigns to the north and west of macedon.
Why? Likely metals.
What are other Greeks doing?
-Dicking around. Athens at constant war with Macedon but far away.
Phillip Invasion of Greece
when?
who defeated at what battle?
Result? How’s it looking for Macedon?
Established what alliance system?
When?
- 339/338: after lull
- Philip was out west for 10 years, then
- 339: decides to invade greece
Who defeated at what battle?
- Thebans and Athenians ally here
- Battle of Chaeronea
- massive defeat for Thebans and Athenians
Result?
- Philip has control over everything except Sparta
- Sparta talks shit but doesn’t invade. sort of stays neutral
Established what alliacne system?
- Established league of Corinth
- Help greeks feel like they aren’t under direct control
- also a way for Macedonians to acquire manpower to invade Persia (what his son will eventually do)
How is Persia looking after/during the Macedonian invasions of Greece?
a. 358-338: Artaxerxes 3rd
b. no great sources this period
c. Phoenicians and Persians sort of pissed at this point
i. Phoenicians were backbone of Persian navy
ii. so autonomy movements in a lot of Phoenician cities
iii. Egypt is also in revolt. Common problem for Persia
d. So before Alexander comes, Persia is beginning to crumble as has rest of Greeece
Battle of Chaeronea: when? who? Result? What does he want?
When:
338 BCE
Who:
Phillip and Macedonians vs Thebans and Athenians and Greeks
Result?
- Massive Macedonian Victory
- philip gains complete control of greek world. League of Corinth
What does Phillip want?
Manpower for an invasion of Persia.
But sadly, he dies before pulling it off in 336 BCE
His son, Alexander rises to power.
-one of those turning point in history where if itd gone differently shit would be really different today
Alexander: early life
lifespan:
Lived: 356-323
Studied under Aristotle
Groomed for a military career
Plutarch, Arrian and Diodorus are sources
Fought at Chaeronea (338) under father
Alexander’s Succession Problems
1.) Philip widely polygamous
2.) marriageattachments to form alliances
- ) Women “Exasperate alexander against his father”
- ) Philip and Alexander get pissed at each other overphilip’spotential new heir
- ) Macedon is a series of Chiefdoms with powerful nobles who complicate things
- and are a reason for marriage alliances
- are also a reason Alexander’s empire splits up. Nobles very loyal to an agreed leader, are great fighters, but not loyal to successors necessarily.
6.) Therefore, upon death of his father,philipcan go big or go home
- ) He immediately goes to war
- fights barbarians again. all the way up to modern Bulgaria
- importantsoureof metals & army training
8.) then Alexander entirely destroys Thebes and sells off women and children into slavery kills everybody and everything. 335BCE. Thebes had had it nice for 50 yearslol
Greece after Alexander’s Destruction of Thebes
After the destruction of Thebes in 335 , Alexander allowed most Greek city-states the appearance of freedom.
His actual target for imperial expansion was not Greece but rather the Persian Empire.
Already his father had started the invasions of these areas by establishing forward bases.
Persia after Fall of Thebes
After Artaxerxes III (died 338), Persia begins to fall apart. Thebes fell 335
Bagoas, a Persian subject manages to install a puppet king on the throne (Art IV son of Art III), while he ruled in all but name.
He killed Art IV and then installed a cousin, Darius III on the throne.
In sum:
Persia was falling apart.
When empires crumble, a couple of things happen
Regional Structures will come to the forefront
I.e. You will see the Empire break into natural political, administrative divisions
The leaders of sub division begin to go after their own rewards. This further undermines that power of the emperor.
Macedonian War Advantages: IE Why Alexander thinks he can conquer Persia quickly
1.) Learned from his father who fought Barbarian tribes at great distances
2.) New Weapons and tactics:
new weapon issarissa (double sizeddori(spear)). It’s technically not a spear but a pike because it needs to be held two handed.
16-18feet. points on both sides
allows you to defend against cavalry easily
and gives you a reach advantage
made of “Cornel wood” cherry wood isextremely hard. Grows in Macedonia. Sinks in water lulz
huge advantage that they have a lot of strong wood.Sarissaphalanxes extremely dangerous
The phalanx cannot turn as easily as before
It must be protected on its flanks
3.) All of this depends on… Cavalry!
Alexander is a brilliant cavalry man
his companions are as close to knights as we get in ancient world
Alexander figures out: cavalry is not just there to protect
he usescavalylike a wedge to punch a hole that he can sent infantry through
Protects long sarissa phalanx on its flanks
Alexander Invades Persia:
When does he leave Greece?
Who joins him?
How big is army?
Characteristics/logistics of army:
- leaves to go out (to persia?) in 334
- league of Corinth and greeksa ssemble at Corinth and declare resolution at joining alexander in invasion of Persia.
- We are told that his army consisted of 30000 foot and 4000 horse
-we are also tld of 43000 foot and 3000 horse
NOT A HUGE ARMY
-Greeks are paid salary (basically mercenaries)
he doesn’t carry a large baggage train
he gives away royal property so his feudal lords can extract manpower from it
after this he
Alexander’s Invasion Initial Characteristics
Most of his initial actions are basic military theory.
attackingioniancity states
Never leave yourself exposed to a rear attack
Eliminate surprise threats (here the Persian Navy)
Administrate as you conquer. Change as little as possible. Appoints own men as equivalent of satraps
Leaves behind garrisons like Alexandria
Punish those who resist. Reward those who do not.
Battle of Granicus -who’s the source? -when is it? What happens in Battle? What does the battle get him?
Who’s the source?
Arrian
334 BCE alexander wants to kill leader himself battle fought across a river he defeats satraps oflydiaandioniaand recovers them for Greeks then takes Cariaetc evetuallyconquering all ofanatolia
Alexander and administration/conquest of Sardis and Ephesus
how does he administer them?
how does he take them?
appoints aviceoroyfrom his ranks and keepstxesthe same
and then makes people come down and pay him respects have a nice day
How does he take cities?
he has some of the first real siege engines
he has giant arrow shooters (ballistae)
Battle of Issus & afterwards
333 BCE. Source is still Arrian
alexander develops his blitzkrieg horse tactic here
he’ll bring army up and spread them out and smash on one side?
Persian King Darius is here
he charges after Persian king! He isn’t stupid though so he runs the f away
instead of following persian king down royal road to Persia, he turns to levant to cut off phoenician navy
conquers philistines
down to egypt
Conquest of Phoenicia and Tyre
332 BCE
tyreis a primaryPhoeniciancity state
he wanted to breakphoenicianback
Alexander literally builds land out toTyrerather than blockade it
soTyreis no longer an island!lololtrololol
Alexander Conquest of Egypt and Alexandria
After conquest of Phoenicia (332) he Moves south into Egypt and conquers it quickly. After Egypt, he can focus on Darius again
they hatepersiaanywaylol
traditional Egyptian capitals at Memphis and Thebes are pretty stupid (too far upriver)so he builds giant city at end of delta
(332 BCE)
Alexandria! One of most important cities for next 900 years
later will be capital ofptolemaickingdom
will become famous for library and medicine
dissectionsetc
Darius Peace Proposal
332 after conquest of Egypt?
Alexander captures Darius’s wife
Darius offers Alexander everything to right of Euphrates river (phoenicia and Egypt and Turkey, etc)
As well as his daughter in marriage
Parmenio says he would accept them
“So would I,” said Alexander, “if I were Parmenio.”
Gaugamela: 331 BCE
Battle of Gaugamela: 331 BCE (where Persian wars end to professor)
Decisive Battleleads to conquest of eastern part of Persia. Leads to Persian colapse
Alexander’s greatest victory
Battle: Alexander usesboukephalus(famous old horse)
moves intoposition after speech to troops
abandons all pretense of line of infantry
reckless cavalry charge into Darius’s line. it workslol\
chart on slide of battle. Alexander winning in center
Parmeniongetting hit hard
Alexander comes back down to helpParmenion
Darius fleesagainlol
to Mountains of Persian heartland
Plutarch:
saysgaugamelais end of Persian empire
Alexander “king of Asia”
Conquest of Persian Capitols
Susa and Persepolis
Persian Capitals-Both fall to Alexander’s forces. (331?)
Alexander gets crazy Persian palaces
huge storehouses of goods and money go to Alexander. 40000 talents (Plutarch)
If soldiers get one drachmae a day and 6000 drachmae make a talent, then the scale of this wealth becomes a little more clear. Alexander could fund his army almost indefinitely from Susa alone.
Persepolis was in the end burned, leaves records of goods there
These palace complexes were huge storehouses of goods.
now has resources to reward Macedonian nobles
Darius after fall of Susa and Persepolis (Persian Capitals)-Captured by whom?-what happens then to Darius?
still running aroundlol
“we tooksaddam’spalace now lets go find Saddam” -prof
Macedonians go on a crazyobessivepursuit of Darius
Darius held byBessus(Strongest Satrap in East)
soBessusis trying to solidify his claim to east by holding Darius
So alexander chasesBessusinto Afghanistan and further into Hindu Kush mountains
Bessus kills Darius while being chased
Alexander Chasing Bessus
- Who is bessus
- how is he caught?
- When is he caught?
- afterwords?
Bessus, the Satrap of Bactria, after killing Darius, names himself king and became Alexander’s obsession.
He was finally betrayed to Ptolemy, one of Alexander’s generals.
Battle of Jaxartes in 329 BCE gave Alexander control over the modern areas of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
By 328, The Persian Empire no longer exists.
Alexander moves farther East.
Battle of Hydaspes River
-when?
what happens?
-result of battle?
Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 occurred in the Punjab.
Alexander meets war elephants! cool!
Alexandrias established in parts of India. one place named after his horse
His cities don’t remain Greek forever but do become important in trade and movement of cultures and ideas
The fact that Alexander could even get this far is a testament to Persian power and influence
After India, troops are really fucking tired
After Hydaspes
Troops are tired as f
326: they don’t get much farther than Hydaspes in India
Alexander sails down the Indus and begins to make his moves back to the West.
In this sweep around, he still tries to conquer what he has not yet visited. Loses a great number of soldiers. The rest move on with the fleet.
End of Alexander's Conquests and death: when do conquests end? When does he die? Where does he go? Attempts to control locals death
When?
324 BCE done getting back from India
dies 323 BCE
Where does he go?
After Hydaspes river in 326 he gets back to Susa and Persepolis and decides to settle down a little bit
He is now emperor
Makes visits to all his new Satraps.
Attempts to control locals:
Attempts to unite Macedonian nobles and Persian noble women in mass marriages.
Sends veterans back to Macedonia
Visit Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana and dies at Babylon on 11 June 323 BCE.
How does he die?
Disease of some kind
He gets drunk, sick and then dies
His BACTRIAN PRINCESS IS PREGO
After Alexander Successors
- are called?
- succession problems
Are called? The Diodochi (Successors)
Succession Problems:
There is no clear heir. Alexander does not have a sufficiently old male issue nor a clear favorite.
Years of campaigning mean that a variety of strong generals were acting as Satraps of provinces while Alexander was still alive.
After Alexander dies, who is regent of alexander’s son?
- who’s in Persia?
- Who’s in Greece?
- Who’s in Egypt?
- Who’s the guy in the middle?
Perdikkas acts a regent until Alexander’s child (now born) is old enough to rule.
Perdikkas, Craterus and Antipater are the main power centers at the start.
perdikkasin Persia
Alexander’s son to become king
Craterosin Middle
Antipeterin GREECE
Ptolemy gets Egypt
The Lamian War
322 BC
On Alexander’s death, the mainland Greeks revolt.
Led by Athens
Perdikkas is in Babylonia/Near East
Craterus had been sent back to Greece to lead forces home.
Antipater was already the regent of Macedonia
Craterus will add his Greeks and others coming back from war to Antipater’s forces and smash the resistance at the Battle of Crannon
Ptolemy 1
(Ptolemy 1soter)367-283 BCE (84 years)
represents himself as Greek in traditional Egyptian iconography
Attacks Cyprus, the Levant, Southern Turkey. Very aggressive
develops a large navyand his own army
his coins have his face on front, Alexander on back
he has a shit ton of money in treasury
doesn’t care about other Greek satraps. He isgonnaget what he wants
war in 321 between Ptolemy andPerdiccas
Death of Perdiccas/First War of Diadochi
why
when
result
war in 321 between Ptolemy andPerdiccas
Perdiccasdies as his army deserts him forptolemy
ptolemypromised his soldiers more moneylol
perdiccasdead 2 years after alexander
Alexander’s child without a regent
After death of Perdiccas
321 Antipater tries to Restore Order
Only Antipeter alive by 321 of original 3 (perdikas, antipeter, Craterus)
-raises antigonus one eye
Empowering Antigonus (‘one-eye’)
appointed by antipeter 321 after death of perdiccas
decides to not take orders fromAntipeter
essentially a Tyrantruling in Turkey and parts of Asia
acts as a king even though he was never given that authority
lives 382-301: super old
goes from little power to one of most important Hellenistic kings
Second War of the Diadochoi
when?
Why?
what happens?
When? 319-315
Why? Antipeter died (319)
-destabilizes the power arrangements
What happens?
-Cassander (antipeter son) is passed over for throne
Leads to a new war 319-315.
- The other diadochi, Ptolemy and Antigonus assist Cassander in getting power in Macedonia and Greece
- He kills Olympias and captures Alexander IV, the supposed heir of Alexander (he will be killed in 310 BCE)
Third war of theDiadochoi
when?
Who?
What happens?
When?
314-311
Who?
Ptolemy,SeleucusandCassander vs Antigonus one-eye
Antigonusthe One Eyed trying to get Macedon from Lysimachus?
but he fails
After a series of attempted invasions of Europe, Antigonus failed to gain any territory.
His attention turned northward,
Seleucus managed to slip back into Babylon and get pretty powerful
Seleucus(Babylon guys) slips back to Babylon
Seleucus I Nicator
Born in 358 BCE
Noble MacedonianStarted his career with Alexander’s invasion of Asia. Commanded infantry
Was Satrap of Babylon when the Third War Started, ran away and then came back in 312 BCE
He reunites everything on the Eastern half of Persian empire under SELEUCID EMPIRE
Seleucus is never satisfied with his original arrangement. He will push prod and conquer until he takes over more than half of Alexander’s conquests.
So now its seleucus antigonus Ptolemy and cassander (cassander in Greece)
Babylonian War
when?
who?
What happens?
Fought between 311-309 BCE
Antigonus versus Seleucus.
Seleucus used an army supplied by Ptolemy to regain control of the Eastern half of the Empire.
No massive gains or losses in division
Kingship Declared of Diodochoi
when?
who?
significance?
When?
In 306 BCE, after Babylonian War and Third War of Diodochoi
Who?
seleucus antigonus Ptolemy and cassander declare themselves Kings after Antigonus had done so.
significance?
The dream of a universal empire is over.
Now the Kings will fight to decide how much spoil each of them will retain.
Fourth War of Diacohi
when?
Who loses?
Famous battle called?
When?
308-301
Who loses?
Antigonus in 301 after initial victories against cassander, they all unite in 301 to kill him
Famous battle called?
BATTLE OF IPSUS:antigonusis gone. other guys win?
he died in battle
81 year old guys till leading army from the front
“must have been a physical monster to have made it that long”haha
Diodochoi/successor states by 301/end of 4th war of diodochi
- who has what?
- Significance of this all?
Who has what?
By 301:
Seleucusand Ptolemy divide phoenicia
Seleucusrules from Indus river to part of Central Turkey
Ptolemy gets part of Turkey (southern), Cyprus, part of Phoenicia and Egypt
Lysimachos(Thrace) also gets lots of western Turkey
Cassanderstill in Greece
Significance of this all?
“this is moment of ultimate of decline for Greek world”
energy had shifted away from the mainland
the dream of Macedon is lost
ptolemaicand Seleucid empires are pretty cool
these kingdoms survive to Roman period
Rome conquers all of this eventually
dividesgreekworld for rest of its history
