final exam bacterial diseases

Question 1

acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE)

• causative agents?
• important symptoms?
• how do you acquire this?

Answer 1

• strep. pneumoniae and staph. aureus
• QUICK deterioration of heart valves, abscesses in muscles that leads to heart failure
• from wound or underlying infection that became opportunistic

Question 2

subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)

• causative agent?
• important symptoms?
• what is an aneurysm?
• how do you acquire this?
• what can happen in the kidneys due to immune complexes? what type of hypersensitivity is this?

Answer 2

• staph. epidermidis
• GRADUALLY ill, stroke, anuerysm
• when a vessel weakens and balloons out
• dental procedures, brushing teeth too hard, or trauma
• glomerulonephritis, type 3

Question 3

sepsis/septic shock

• causative agent? what does it release?
• symptoms of sepsis? shock?
• what are the 3 outcomes from the causative agent?
• treatments?

Answer 3

• e coli, endotoxin
• shaking, chills, fever, rapid breathing, anxiety; decreased urine output, increased respiration/pulse, decreased bp, arms and legs cool and dusky
• macrophages release cytokines which causes decreased muscle tone of heart and leads to o2 impairment and shock
• DIC beings clotting and develops hemorrhages
• complement system activated releases lysosomal enzymes and causes irreversible lung damage
• o2 therapy and fluids

Question 4

tularemia

• causative agent?
• common name?
• important symptoms?
• how do you acquire this?

Answer 4

• francisella tularensis CATEGORY A BIOTERRORISM AGENT
• rabbit fever/deer fly fever
• enlarged lymph nodes, fever, aches, chills
• skinning rabbits, tick bites in eastern US, deer fly in western US

Question 5

brucellosis

• causative agent?
• common name? what does it mean?
• important symptoms?
• how does this bacteria grow in the human body?
• how do you acquire this?

Answer 5

• B. melitensis CATEGORY B BIOTERRORISM AGENT
• undulant fever; fever comes and goes
• fever comes and goes, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen
• it grows within the phagocytes to avoid antibodies and antibiotics
• unpasteurized milk

Question 6

plague

• causative agent?
• what are the 3 types of plague?
• what happens during days 1-5?
• explain the 3 virulence factors?
• how do you acquire this?

Answer 6

• yersinia pestis
• bubonic plaque has buboes in the lymph nodes
• pneumonic plague is the most fatal and contagious BLOODY SPUTUM
• septicemic plague is spread by bloodstream and causes shock, DIC, and hemorrhages
• day 1 buboes form in lymph nodes can be size of apple
• day 2 fever and vomiting
• day 3 petechiae
• day 4 nervous system attacked
• day 5 buboes burst (good thing) would die if it doesn’t burst
• pla inactivates the complement system, f1 resists phagocytosis with its capsule, yops inhibits phagocytosis and blocks cytokines
• fleas main reservoir; rodent hosts

Question 7

bacterial cystitis

• causative agent? what kind of an infection is this?
• important symptoms?
• how does the bacterial thrive inside the body?
• why are women more prone to UTIs? what happens if men get them?
• what chemical does cranberry contain and what does it do?
• what is a UTI called if it involves the upper urinary tract?

Answer 7

• e coli
• UTI; bladder infection
• painful urination, cloudy pale red urine with odor, urgent need to urinate
• bacterial uses pili to attach to receptors on bladder
• women have shorter urethra
• men have prostate enlargment
• proanthocyanidins; binds to fimbriae of e coli to prevent it from adhering to bladder wall
• pyelonephritis

Question 8

leptospirosis

• causative agent?
• what are the vectors? how does one acquire it?
• how does it get into the urinary system?
• important symptoms?
• what are the two phases?
• what rare disease may develop?
• what often happens when someone goes into the hospital with these symptoms?
• what happens with antibiotics?

Answer 8

• leptosprina interrogans
• raccoons and rodents urine; wounds
• enters the urinary system through the blood stream
• eye redness, headache, fever, chills, muscle aches
• septicemia phase has flu like symptoms
• immune phase has recurrent symptoms plus clotting
• can lead to weil’s disease which has liver and kidney failure leading to death
• some are misdiagnosed with inflammation of the appendix and gallbladder and are given an unnecessary surgery
• antibiotics are helpful and trigger the jarish hercheimer reaction due to endotoxins

Question 9

bacterial vaginosis?

• causative agent
• what causes this disease?
• important symptoms?
• what cells are associated with this disease?
• what happens to babies with this disease?

Answer 9

• gardnerella vaginalis
• decrease in lactobacilli
• thin vaginal discharge, fish odor, bubbly
• increase in clue cells
• premature babies and low birth rate

Question 10

toxic shock syndrome

• causative agent?
• important symptoms?
• what causes this disease?
• what should you do to prevent this disease?

Answer 10

• staph. aureus
• fever, muscle aches, bloodshot eyes, vomiting diarrhea, sunburn rash, confusion
• absorption of toxin into bloodstream with vaginal abrasion ->release cytokines which drop bp and kidney failure
• don’t use high absorbency tampons and change them every 6 hours

Question 11

gonorrhea

• causative agent? what areas does it grow in?
• who is most likely to be asymptomatic?
• important symptoms?
• who is at risk for this STI?
• what can you do to prevent this disease?
• what is an ectopic pregnancy?
• what is ophthalmia neonatorum?
• what is orchitis?

Answer 11

• e coli; warm and moist
• women more likely to be asymptomatic
• discharge and painful urination
• anyone sexually active
• abstinence, monogamous relationship, condom usage
• ectopic pregnancy: pregnancy outside of the uterus
• ophthalmia neonatorum: gonococcal conjunctivitis of the newborn acquired from birth canal
• orchitis: sterility

Question 12

chlamydia

• causative agent?
• important symptoms in men? women? who is often asymptomatic?
• what cells does this bacteria replicate inside?
• what complication can occur with this disease?

Answer 12

• chlamydia trachomatis
• men: thin discharge and painful urination
• women: discharge, painful urination, abdominal pain, often asymptomatic
• human cells
• blindness

Question 13

syphilis

• causative agent?
• what is unique about this disease?
• what are the 5 types?
• how is this spread?
• what are the complications that happen if a baby gets this?

Answer 13

• treponema pallidum “the great imitator”
• can be asymptomatic for years
• primary: chancres
• secondary: mucous patches on skin and mucous membranes
• tertiary: gummas
• latent: asymptomatic
• congenital: at 4 months gestation
• primary and secondary are contagious bc of sores
• 40% miscarriages or still born
• 60% deformities like hutchinson’s teeth