Final Exam (after midterm) Flashcards
1
Q
Order Dermaptera
A
Earwigs Chewing mouthparts Cerci forceps (female & nymphs = straight; males = curved) Long filiform antennae Tegmina (forewings short & leathery); hind wings membranous & folded beneath forewings (sometimes absent) Nocturnal Omnivorous Some have scent glands on abdomen
2
Q
What are dermaptera forceps used for?
A
Grooming Courtship Defense Manipulation of prey Mating Folding hind wings under tegmina
3
Q
Parental care of Dermaptera
A
Adults overwinter in same nest
Females lay eggs at end of winter/early spring and male is removed from nest
Female guards eggs. Removes fungi on eggs by licking
Female provides food to young nymphs in early instar
Female dies before mid summer
4
Q
Order Plecoptera
A
Stoneflies
Live near freshwater habitats (nymphs are aquatic)
Mouthparts often reduced/non-functional in adults
Dull coloration mostly (dark)
Dorso-ventrally flattened
Four membranous wings held flat over body (mostly non-functional and reduced)
Long cerci and long antennae
Small (<1.5cm)
Some emerge during winter months
Use repeated abdominal drumming for attracting mates
5
Q
Plecoptera nymphs
A
Flattened body often with bright colors Long antennae and long cerci (pair) Aquatic Gills are tufts of filaments on thorax and first two abdominal segments Detritus feeders/predaceous Takes 1-3 years for development Leave water for final molt
6
Q
Order Embioptera
A
Web spinners
Mostly tropical and subtropical (few species in southern US)
Live in silken tunnels
1.5-2.0 cm
Chewing mouthparts
Live gregariously (females show parental care behavior)
7
Q
Embioptera body
A
Silk glands located on first tarsomere of forelegs
Elongated body with short legs (hind femora enlarged for reversal movements)
Wings on males (soft and flexible able to fold over head during reversal)
8
Q
Embioptera food
A
Eat dead plant material, bark, mosses, and lichens
Silk galleries are expanded as new food source is needed
9
Q
Embioptera silk
A
Produced by males, females, and nymphs
Ejected from specialized setae located on first tarsomere of forelegs
Used in nest production
10
Q
Order Zoraptera
A
Zorapterans (also called angel insects)
Similar in appearance to termites/psocids
Live gregariously (not social insects)
Live in cellulose-rich environment but don’t feed on wood
Feed on fungus and small arthropods
Two forms: apterous (w/out wings) or alate (w/ wings)
11
Q
Zoraptera (apterous)
A
Wingless
Unpigmented and eyeless
Dominates
As population grows, alate form appears in individuals for dispersion
12
Q
Zoraptera (alate form)
A
Winged
Pgemented with compound eyes
Winged individuals can disperse to new nesting sites
They shed their wings after dispersing
13
Q
Order Psocoptera
A
Psocids, barklice, booklice Most occur outside Less than 6mm Large head with swollen clypeus Chewing mouthparts Long antennae; no cerci
14
Q
Psocoptera (barklice)
A
four membranous wings
Found outside
Feed on algae, lichens, fungi, organic debris
Some species live in the nest of birds and mammals
Some live on feathers and fur
15
Q
Psocoptera (booklice)
A
Wingless
Found in building or warehouses (damp coniditions)
Feed on stored products, wallpaper paste, book bindings, microscopic mold
16
Q
Order Phthiraptera
A
Lice
Parasitic
Have morphological adaptations for parasitic life (small size(.5-6mm), wingless, dorsoventrally flattened, compound eyes reduced/absent, short antennae, short legs with long claws)
Variable mouthparts (mandibulate or haustellate)
17
Q
Phthiraptera parasite
A
Spend all development stages on host
Only parasitic hemimetabolous insect
Host specific
18
Q
Phthiraptera (chewing lice)
A
Most of the species
Broad head, mandibulate mouthparts
Associated with birds and some mammals (not humans)
Feed on feathers, hairs, skin, oily secretion, blood
“Dust baths” are to get rid of lice
No important disease transmitter
19
Q
Phthiraptera (sucking lice)
A
Smallest group of lice Small head, conical Sucking mouthparts Associated with mammals only (includes humans) Feeds on blood Some can transmit diseases Body lice, head lice, or pubic lice
20
Q
Phthiraptera (sucking lice: body lice)
A
Pediculus humanus humanus
Historically responsible for deadly diseases (including epidemic typhus)
Associated with crowded, unsanitary environments (found on dirty clothes/bedding)
21
Q
Phthiraptera (sucking lice: head lice)
A
Pediculus humanus capitis Smaller than body lice (but otherwise identical) Live on scalps Not vectors of diseases Not associated with poor hygiene Don't hop/fly (crawl rapidly on hairs) Transmission via head to head contact
22
Q
Phthiraptera (sucking lice: body lice eggs)
A
Called nits
Glued to host hairs (firmly attached and difficult to remove)
Females lay 5-10 eggs per day
Eggs with developing embryo usually yellow-brown
Empty egg shells are paler
23
Q
Phthiraptera (sucking lice: pubic lice)
A
Phthirus pubis
Also called crab lice
Mostly associated with pubic hair but also found on armpit hairs or facial hairs
24
Q
Order Hemiptera
A
Sucking mouthparts (form of long proboscis (rostrum))
- Allo them to bypass many plant defensive mechanisms (such as wax, thorns, spines, setae) and pesticides
Feed on liquid food only (exception: ?)
Mostly phytophagous, some predaceous, blood feeders, or detritus feeders
Largest order of hemimetabolous insects
Three suborders:
- Heteroptera
- Sternorrhyncha
- Auchenorrhyncha
25
Suborder Heteroptera general
True bugs (Order Hemiptera)
Hemelytra forewings (basal part is leathery (corium); apical part is membranous)
Membranous hindwings
When at rest, wings held flat over body & overlapping
Divided into: terrestrial, semi-aquatic, aquatic
26
Corium
leathery basal part of hemelytra forewings
27
Suborder Heteroptera feeding
Piercing-sucking mouthparts (rostrum) arising from front of head
Various feeding habits (phytophagous, predaceous, blood-feeders, sometimes detritus feeders)
28
Suborder Heteroptera defense mechanisms
```
Scent glands
- Repellent odor
- Alarm pheromone
Biting
Cryptic shapes/colors
Mimicry (mostly ant)
Aggregation
```
29
Terrestrial Heteroptera
```
Plant feeders:
- Miridae (plant bugs)
- Lygaeidae (seed bugs)
- Blissidae (chinch bugs)
- Coreidae (leaf-footed bugs)
- Pentatomidae (stink bugs)
Predators:
- Pentatomidae (stink bugs)
- Reduviidae (assassin bugs)
Blood-feeders:
- Reduviidae (assassin bugs)
- Cimicidae (bed bugs)
```
30
Semi-aquatic Heteroptera
Found on water surface
Predators:
- Gerridae (water striders)
31
Aquatic Heteroptera characteristics
Live in freshwater
Obtain O2 via morphological adaptations such as breathing tube (siphon): one-two spiracles (modified open traceal system)
or
via trapping O2 on hydrophobic (hydrofuge) hairs: oxygen comes in direct contact with spiracles called physical gills (open tracheal system)
- Gills can be temporary (replenished at surface) or permanent (O2 continuously extracted from water)
Have distinct leg adaptations for aquatic life (not forelegs)
- oarlike and fringed
Short concealed antennae
32
Aquatic Heteroptera
```
Predators:
- Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)
- Nepidae (water scorpions)
- Notonectidae (back swimmers)
Detritus feeders:
- Corixidae (water boatmen)
```
33
Family Miridae
```
Suborder Heteroptera
Plant bugs
Largest family of Heteroptera
Distinctive hemelytra with cuneus & one/two closed cells
Important pests of cultivated plants
```
34
Cuneus
Triangular apical piece of corium
35
Pests of Miridae
Lygus lineolaris (tarnished plant bug)
- Feed on 300 different plants
- Responsible for strawberry or other fruit deformities (catfacing)
36
Family Lygaeidae
Suborder Heteroptera
Seed bugs
Small family
Feed on milkweed plants
Bright red and black coloration of milkweed bugs
- Used to advertise their bad taste and toxicity
37
Important Lygaeidae bugs
Small milkweed bugs
| Large milkweed bugs
38
Family Blissidae
```
Suborder Heteroptera
Chinch bugs
Small (about 4mm)
Adults have black and white wings
Nymphs have bright red abdomen
Major lawn pest
Prefers hot, dry, and sunny environments
Common species of CA: hairy chinch bugs
```
39
Blissidae as pests
A major lawn pest found in great numbers
Feed on sap of grass stems
Affected lawn turns yellow
40
Family Coreidae
Suborder Heteroptera
Leaf-footed bugs
Have narrow head
Hind tibia expanded and leaflike (sometimes only males; sometimes small enlargement)
Diverse in tropics
Well developed scent glands
Includes some of largest terrestrial Heteroptera (up to 4cm)
41
Species of Coreidae
Squash bug: serious pest of Cucurbitaceae (squash, pumpkin, etc.)
- Common in CA
Leptoglossus occidentalis (Western conifer seed bug): Feed on various conifer trees; adults spend winter in sheltered places
- Native to western U.S; migrated to Europe
42
Family Pentatomidae (phytophagous)
Suborder Heteroptera
Stink bugs
Distinct shape: large pronotum
Brightly colored
Five segmented antennae
Produces bad odor (often leaves a bad taste on berries)
Nymphs and adults have different coloration
Eggs often barrel-shaped & can be covered in spines on top
Sometimes responsible for fruit damages and deformities (catfacing)
43
Species of Pentatomidae phytophagous bugs
Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug)
- New pest in N.A.; accidentally introduced from Asia
- Highly polyphagous
- Hibernate in homes
44
Family Pentatomidae (predaceous)
Suborder Heteroptera
One subfamily of stink bug
First segment of proboscis short and slightly enlarged
Generalist predators
45
Family Reduviidae (predaceous)
Suborder Heteroptera
Assassin bugs
Base of head constricted and necklike
Rostrum stout and fits into groove on prosternum
- Acts as stridulatory organ when scraped against prosternal groove (for mate attraction/courtship)
Main group of predatory Heteroptera
Can inflict painful bite
Generalist predators (can take down large prey)
Eggs often in batches and glued to plants
- Sometimes males guard the eggs
Some species carry dead insect bodies on back for camouflage
Some females use resin on underside of abdomen to coat eggs and help grasp prey
46
Household species of Reduviidae
Reduvius personatus (masked hunter)
Black and found in houses
Feed on other insects (predaceous)
Single eggs laid in the dust, cracks, and corners
Nymphs cover themselves with dust particles
Body covered with short hairs connected to glands
- Glands produce sticky substance
47
Subfamily Phymatinae
```
Family Reduviidae
Ambush bugs
Predaceous
Bright black and yellow (cryptic coloration)
Spiny thorax
Commonly found on goldenrod flowers
Short, stout raptorial forelegs (elongated coxae)
Huge swollen femora
```
48
Family Reduviidae (blood feeders)
Few species feed on blood (called kissing bugs)
Bites are painless
Bite during the night
Can be vectors of Chaga's disease
49
Chaga's disease
When feeding, bugs leave excrement on skin
It becomes infected when feces of Reduviidae are:
- scratched into open wound
- brought into the mouth
- rubbed into the eyes
50
Family Cimicidae
Suborder Heteroptera
Bed bugs
Small (about 5mm)
Flattened, oval, wingless
Reddish adults
Translucent white nymphs
Feed on blood of mammals (mainly bats) and birds
Only one N.A. species feeds on human blood
Nocturnal
Don't transmit diseases, but bites cause irritation
Transported in luggage from hotels or used furniture
Haemocoelic insemination (traumatic)
51
Family Gerridae
Suborder Heteroptera
Water striders
Found on water surface (standing or flowing water)
Mid- and hind-legs are natatorial (long)
- can't walk on land or leaves (get trapped easily)
Forelegs used to grab small insects on surface of water (short)
Use surface tension with water repellent feet
Dark-colored, elongated, winged or wingless, big eyes
All freshwater but one genus
Attach eggs to plants or stone
After mating, male guards female by riding on her back
52
Family Gerridae water repellence
Hydrophobic (hydrofuge) hairs
Legs covered with microscopic bristles that trap air (form air bubbles between leg and water surface)
Body covered with same bristles (if pushed underwater, air bubbles allow them to rapidly come back up)
53
Family Gerridae communication
Use ripples in water to detect prey and communicate
Ripples produced by leg movements
Males use it to attract females, stimulate oviposition, and warn other other males away
Detect via sensitive chordotonal sensillae located inside tarsal segments
54
Famiy Gerridae marine water striders
```
Called ocean skaters
Five species of genus Halobates
Only truly marine species (semi-aquatic)
Lay eggs on any floating objects available
Wingless
```
55
Family Belostomatidae
Suborder Heteroptera
Giant water bugs (other common names = electric light bug or toe biter)
Largest bugs of the order (up to 10cm)
Forelegs raptorial
Mid- and hindlegs broad, flattened, and fringed
Stout and strong proboscis (rostrum)
- May inflict painful bite
Live in ponds and lakes
Breath via siphon at tip of abdomen
Feed on other insects, snails, and small fish
Thoracic scent glands give characteristic flavor
56
Reproduction of Belostomatidae
Genus Lethocerus lay eggs above water
- Males stay until hatching, watering them regularly to avoid desiccation
- Eggs are marked with chemicals from scent glands
Genus Belostoma glue eggs on back of a male
- Up to 100 eggs
- male carries until hatching (male triples in weight by hatching)
57
Family Nepidae
Suborder Heteroptera
Water scorpions
Two forms: similar to either giant water bug or walkingstick
Sedentary (wait among vegetation for passing prey)
Can stay submerged in water if respiratory siphon connects to outside
Forelegs = raptorial
Mid- and hindlegs have little adaptations for swimming
58
Family Notonectidae
Suborder Heteroptera
Backswimmers
Small (up to 2cm)
Body with convex dorsal surface and flat underside
Hind legs long, oarlike and fringed; angled toward the head
Forelegs shorter and used to grasp prey
Always swim upside down
Found in ponds and lakes
Well developed rostrum (can inflict painful bite)
Voracious predators: insects, tadpoles, small fish
Temporary physical gills (can last a few hours)
59
Family Corixidae
```
Suborder Heteroptera
Water boatmen
Most common aquatic bugs
Mostly found in ponds and lakes
Body broad
Large eyes
Hind legs are oarlike and fringed
Forelegs short with scoop-shaped and fringed tarsi
Broad and short rostrum
Feed mostly on algae, detritus, and small organisms (scoop with fringed foretarsi)
Don't bite
Temporary physical gills (can last a few hours)
```
60
Sternorrhyncha Homopterans
Aphids
Scale insects
Mealy bugs
61
Auchenorrhyncha Homopterans
Cicadas
| Hoppers
62
Homopterans
Contains Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha suborders
Uniform winged hemiptera
Most have four wings (some are wingless; male scale insects have only forewings)
- Forewings with uniform texture (membranous or slightly thickened)
- Hindwings membranous
When at rest, wings are generally held roof-like over body
Piercing-sucking mouthparts (rostrum) arising from lower back margin of head (opisthognathous)
Terrestrial and phytophagous (feed on plant sap)
Produce honeydew (sugar-rich sticky substance secreted by insects feeding on plant sap)
63
Suborder Sternorrhyncha characteristics
Proboscis (rostrum) is extremely opisthognathous
- Arises between the coxae of the forelegs
Sedentary lifestyle (some spend entire life on one spot on a plant)
Often gregarious
Winged or wingless
Some with reduced legs and antennae
64
Defensive mechanisms of Suborder Sternorrhyncha
Some live concealed in wax secretions or under external shells
Some have defensive fluid
Rapid growth via parthenogenetic reproduction and viviparity
Built strong association with ants
65
Family Aphididae
Suborder Sternorrhyncha
Aphids
Small, soft-bodied and pear-shaped
Winged or wingless
Variety of colors
Have cornicles that secrete sticky defensive fluid and serves as alarm pheromones
Suck on plant sap from stems and leaves (some species on plant roots)
- Needs lots of sap for required nutrients
Excess sap excreted as honeydew from anus
Important pests of agricultural crops, forests, and orchard trees
- Important vectors of viral plant diseases (honeydew provides place for black sooty mold to grow)
- Cause wilting, stunted/abnormal growth, leaf curling
66
Cornicles
Tubelike structures projecting on posterior end of abdomen
67
Life cycle of Family Aphididae
Complex life cycle
Mix of asexual and sexual reproduction
Oviparity and viviparity
Production of winged and wingless individuals
68
Ant-aphid mutualism
Ants protect aphids in exchange for honeydew
- Aphids have many predators and parasitoids (ladybugs, lacewings, parasitoid wasps) that keep their populations under control
Ants carry aphids around
- Ex. Ants will story Corn Root Aphid eggs in their nest for the winter until they are transported to roots of weeds -> corn roots in the spring and summer
Ants "milk" aphids (gently stroke them with their antennae to get droplets of honeydew)
69
Superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects)
Homopterans (Sternorrhyncha)
Live under waxy or scalelike covering (soft or hard)
Wax produced from epidermal glands
Dramatic sexual dimorphisms in some
70
Life cycle of superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects)
First instar nymphs = legs and are active (called crawlers)
- This is the dispersal stage
After first molt = start secreting a covering; some loose their legs
Females grow, mate, produce offspring, and die without leaving covering
Males have extra "pupa-like" instars so they develop into winged adults
71
Sexual dimorphism of superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects)
Adult females = no wings, no antennae, no eyes, no legs, waxy covering, sessile, mostly larger (about 1-5mm)
Adult males = one pair of wings (hind wings reduced to haltere-like processes), long tail-like projection, long antennae, eyes present, don't feed, short lived, rarely see (less than 2mm)
72
Superfamily Coccoidea (mealybugs)
Homopterans (Sternorrhyncha)
One family: Pseudococcidae
Similar characteristics to scale insects except:
- Waxy covering a white powdery secretion
- Females have well developed legs
Similar life cycle as scale insects
73
Economic importance of Superfamily Coccoidea
Suck plant fluid
Important ornamental and agricultural pests
Protective covering makes them resistant to insecticides (chemicals are best)
Many secrete honeydew (causes sooty mold)
Cochineal red dye extracted from scale insects (good for humans)
74
Family Dactylopiidae
Cochineal insects (scale insect family)
Produce carminic acid: deters predators)
Can be extracted to make carmine dye
Used for food coloring and cosmetics
75
Suborder Auchenorrhyncha
Homopterans
Opisthognathous (not as extreme as Sternorrhyncha)
Large pronotum and large clypeus
Active lifestyle (many can jump and fly between plants)
Live gregariously or individually
76
Family Cicadidae
```
Suborder Auchenorrhyncha
Large size (largest Homopteran)
Clear wings held roof-like over body
Adults live for about 1 month
Feed on plant sap
Males produce species-specific sound with tymbals (located on each side of abdomen) by rapidly vibrating them through muscle contractions and resonating through large tracheal air sacs
- Sound for attracting females, courtship, communication, defense
- Tympana is also present on abdomen
```
77
Life cycle of Family Cicadidae
Adult females insert eggs in twigs of tree and shrubs
Young hatch and burrow underground (feed on sap in roots of trees)
- Have fossorial legs for burrowing
Long life cycles (4-17 years in nymphal stage)
Exuviae of last instar are common on tree trunks or vegetation
78
N.A. species of Cicadidae
Genus Magicicada = periodical cicada
| Genus Neotibicen = dog day cicada or annual cicada
79
Genus Magicicada
Periodical cicada (7 species, all in eastern U.S)
Smaller than annual cicadas
Reddish eyes and reddish wing veins
Appear in late May and early June
All young of multiple species with same life-cycle become adults in same year
- Result in mass emergence of cicadas
Life cycle = 13 (southern) or 17 years (northern)
- 17-year cicadas have 12 broods
- Brood X (ten) is the largest of the 17-year broods (has a wide distribution)
80
Brood
All periodical cicadas of the same life cycle type that emerge in a given year
81
Genus Neotibicen
Dog day or annual cicadas
Have multiple-year life cycles that are not synchronized
Usually blackish with greenish markings
Appear in July and August
Adults can be found in same location every year
Do not occur in huge numbers (like periodical cicadas do)
82
Family Cicadellidae
Leafhoppers
Auchenorrhyncha
Large family
Small hopping insects
Often colorful
Feed mostly on leaves (host specific but occur on all type of plants)
Ecominically important pest species: cause white spots on leaves by feeding and are plant pathogen vectors
83
Family membracidae
Auchenorrhyncha
Treehoppers
Small hopping insects easily recognized by large pronotum that covers head and extends over much of the back
Produce honeydew and often protected by ants
84
Eggs of Membracidae
Little economic importance: most damage caused by egg laying
Eggs are a target for various predators and parasitoid wasps
Females of some species guard eggs
Nymphs are found in large aggregations
- Have an extensible anal tube used to deposit honeydew away from their body
Common species in N.A.: Buffalo treehopper
- Lays eggs in twigs of various trees
85
Family Cercopidae
```
Auchenorrhyncha
Froghoppers
Small hopping insect
Similar to leafhopper in appearance, but often sit "froglike" with head elevated
Usually brownish or grey
Attack grasses and herbaceous plants
```
86
Nymphs of Cercopidae
Often called spittlebugs
Nymphal stages cover themselves with frothy or spittle-like mass
One mass = one spittlebug
Yellowish-green
The mass protects nymphs from predation, parasitism, and desiccation
Spittle is produced from fluid emitted from anus (composed of excess plant sap)
- Air bubble are introduced into spittle through special air canal located on ventral surface of abdomen
87
Order Thysanoptera
Thrips
Small (less than 2mm)
Narrow and fringed wings
Sing. and plur. spelled the same way (thrips)
Sucking mouthparts
Feeding habits extremely variable but most feed on plant tissues
- Often feed on flower heads
88
Important pests of Thysanoptera
```
Western flower thrips
Found worldwide
Important vector of plant viruses
-Ex. tomato spotted wilt virus
Also greenhouse pest
```
89
Pterygote orders with holometabolous development?
```
Raphidioptera
Megaloptera
Neuroptera
Mecoptera
Strepsiptera
Siphonaptera
Coleoptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
Diptera
```
90
Order Raphidioptera
Snakeflies
Small order (found in temperate regions of western N.A., Asia, & Europe)
Commonly found on trees
- Most lay eggs in crevices of bark where larvae develop
Predators
91
Order Megaloptera (dobsonfly)
Large insects
Adults found close to water
Nocturnal
Attracted to lights at night
Adults don't live very long (rarely feed)
Male dobsonflies have large mandibles while females don't
- Long mandibles used in sexual competition and courtship
92
Species of Dobsonflies
```
Corydalus cornutus (Eastern Dobsonfly)
Reaching 7cm in body length (over 12cm with mandibles and wings)
```
93
Megaloptera (fishflies)
```
Similar to dobsonflies but:
- smaller (about 4-5cm)
- short mandibles
- Pectinate or serrate antennae
Some have black wings
```
94
Larval stage of Megaloptera
Aquatic
Live under stones in rivers and streams or in lakes
strong mandibles (bite can be painful)
Predaceous on other aquatic organisms
Lateral tactile filament located on most abdominal segments
Attach to stones using anal hooks or prolegs on tip of abdomen
Breathing:
- Have tufts of abdominal gills that are present latero-ventrally
- Have spiracles that allow them to breath out of water as well
Leave water to pupate on soil nearby (pupa can move)
95
Hellgrammites
Megaloptera larvae used as bait by fishermen
96
Order Neuroptera
Chrysopidae (lacewings), mantispidae (mantispids), and myrmeleontidae (antlions)
Four membranous wings with many veins
Larvae having "sucking jaws" adapted for piercing and sucking
Larvae are terrestrial
Adults have chewing mouthparts
97
Family Chrysopidae
Order Neuroptera
Green lacewings
Adults have chewing mouthparts
Some are predaceous (eat soft-bodied insects) while some eat nectar
Adults are nocturnal
Females lay eggs on tiny silken stalks that they produce with an accessory gland
- Stalks protect them from predators
Transparent wings, golden/copper eyes, bright green body
Long filiform antennae
98
Larvae of Chrysopidae
Sometimes called aphidlions
Larvae have long mandibles used to puncture their prey and suck out liquefied content
Feed on soft-bodied insects (mostly aphids)
Some camouflage themselves by attaching dead bodies of prey/other debris to spines on backs
99
Family Mantispidae
```
Order Neuroptera
Mantispids
Look like small mantids with clear wings
More diverse in the tropics
Many are good mimics of wasps
larvae are predaceous on spider eggs
```
100
Family Myrmeleontidae
```
Order Neuroptera
Antlions
Adults similar to damselflies but:
- nocturnal
- have clubbed antennae
Larvae have long jaws and are predaceous
Some lie in sand pits to wait for prey (such as ants)
```
101
Order Mecoptera
Scorpionflies and hangingflies
Most have an elongated face with chewing mouthparts at the tip
Four membranous wings with spots/bands
Various feeding habits (mostly feed on living or dead insects)
102
Order Mecoptera (scorpionflies)
Adults and larvae feed on dead insects
Give nuptial gifts (males give dead insects (most successful) or salivary secretions)
Small (about 10-15mm)
Called "scorpion" because males genitalia are enlarged and recurved
103
Species of scorpionflies
```
Snow scorpionflies
Small (4mm)
Dark and wingless
Occur in snow during mild winter days
Feed on moss
```
104
Order Mecoptera (hangingflies)
Adults and larvae are predaceous
Legs modified for hanging and catching prey (catch with hind tarsi)
- Fifth tarsal segment folded against the fourth
Give nuptial gifts (males offer prey insects)
105
Order Strepistera
Twisted wing parasites
Internal parasites of various insects
Extreme sexual dimorphism
Females have cephalothorax region protruding from host to attract males with sex pheromone
- Insemination via haemoceolic insemination (traumatic)
106
Sexual dimorphism of Strepsiptera
```
Females = maggotlike: wingless, no eyes, no antennae, no legs, head and thorax fused (forms cephalothorax). Spends entire life inside host (except first instar)
Males = big raspberry-like eyes, antler-like antennae (branched = flabellate), large hind wings, front wings reduced to haltere-like structures. Are free-living
```
107
Life cycle of Strepsiptera
Vivaporous
Give birth to over 1000 larvae that escape through her body (female dies after)
First instar larvae (called triangulin): have legs and eyes
- They leave the host to attach to new host
- Burrows into new host and molts to legless larva
Larva absorbs nutrients by filtering the host's haemolymph
After several molts, larva pushes small opening between host's abdominal sclerites to pupate
- Male leaves after pupation while female stays (only females cephalothorax region is protruding)
108
Order Siphonaptera
Fleas
Ectoparasites
Eggs, larvae, and pupae develop freely in nest or habitat of host
Small (2-7mm)
Wingless
Laterally flattened with long jumping hind legs
Piercing-sucking mouthparts
Adults feed on blood of mammals or a few birds
Blood is needed for egg development
Some are host-specific but others may accept different hosts if needed
About 3/4 of flea species are parasites of rodents
A few species are vectors of diseases (bubonic plague)
109
Species of Siphonaptera
Cat fleas
Accept different hosts if needed
Most common parasites of cats and dogs
Serve as an intermediate host for a tapeworm commonly found in dogs and cats
110
Bubonic plague
Killed 25% of population of western Europe in 1300s
Bacteria multiply in flea until they block the gut completely
- Flea transmits plague to humans by regurgitation of bacteria at the time of biting
Symptoms = enlarged lymph nodes
111
Order Coleoptera
Beetles
Largest order of insects (found everywhere)
Represents ~40% of known species
Vary from >1mm-15cm
Some are flightless
Larvae are variable in color/shape
- Most have 3 pairs of legs on thorax but some are legless
Various feeding habits: predaceous, phytophagous, or saphrophagous
112
Characteristics of Coleoptera
Elytra: thickened pair of forewings
- Meet at midline and cover the membranous hind wings
Hind wings are longer and folded under forewings
Flightless have fused or greatly reduced elytra
Adults and larvae have chewing mouthparts
- Exception (Dytiscidae & Gyrinidae larvae = sucking jaws)
113
Economic importance of Coleoptera
Harm:
- Phytophagous beetles are important pests of agricultural plants, trees, & stored products
Benefit:
- Saprophagous & wood borers are beneficial as decomposers & recyclers of organic nutrients
- Predaceous are biological control agents of aphids
- Phytophagous can be used in biological control of weeds
114
Predaceous & aquatic coleoptera
Predaceous diving beetles
| Whirligig beetles
115
Predaceous & terrestrial coleoptera
Ground beetles
Fireflies
Ladybugs
116
Phytophagous coleoptera
```
Weevils
Long-horned beetles
Metallic wood-boring beetles
Leaf beetles
Scarab beetles
```
117
Saprophagous coleoptera
Scarab beetles
Carrion beetles
Sap or picnic beetles
Dermestids
118
Mixed habit coleoptera
Click beetles
| Blister beetles
119
Family Dytiscidae
Order Coleoptera
Predaceous diving beetles
Predaceous (both adults & larvae) & aquatic
Live in ponds and streams
Adults breathe with temporary physical gills
Males can have front tarsi with suction pads to have better grip on smooth elytra of female when mating
120
Larvae of Dytiscidae
Often called Water tigers
have long sicklelike jaws (sucking jaws)
Visit the surface to breathe with their siphon (respiratory tube)
121
Family Gyrinidae
Order Coleoptera
Whirligig beetles
Predaceous (feed on insects that fall into water) & aquatic
Found at surface of water or underneath in ponds and quiet streams
Swim in tight circles (reason called whirligig)
- Live gregariously
Adults can produce a strong smell from abdominal glands (each species has own smell)
Black and shiny
Have ventral and dorsal portion of each compound eye
Breath via temporary physical gills
122
Larvae of Gyrinidae
Live at bottom of pond in mud or among vegetation
Predaceous: have sucking jaws
Breath through abdominal gill filaments
123
Family Carabidae
```
Order Coleoptera
Ground beetles
Predaceous (attack garden or forest pests) & terrestrial
- A few species are phytophagous or omnivorous
Large family
Nocturnal
Rarely fly
Vary in size, color & shape
Often dark and shiny
Have striated & punctured elytra
Prominent mandibles & palps
Long running legs
```
124
Larvae of Carabidae
Have prominent mandibles
| Are active hunters
125
Genus Calosoma
```
Family Carabidae
Caterpillar hunters
Large, bright green
Mostly arboreal (live in trees) (unlike most other beetles)
Eat caterpillars
```
126
Bombardier Beetles
Family Carabidae
Can discharge a defensive chemical from the anus (at ~100 Celsius)
Can irritate or burn the skin
127
Tiger beetles
Family Carabidae
Some have bright green or blue metallic coloration, others are beige/brown
- dull colors provide camouflage in sandy or rocky habitats
Have long sicklelike mandibles
Large prominent eyes
Long cursorial legs
Found in sunny areas (common on sandy beaches)
Run or fly rapidly (difficult to catch)
Predaceous on small insects
Larvae live in vertical burrows in the soil (wait with jaws open for insects to pass by)
128
Family Lampyridae
```
Order Coleoptera
Fireflies, lightningbugs
Predaceous & terrestrial
Body is elongated and flattened
Usually dark with bright marking
Elytra is soft and flexible
Head concealed from above via pronotum
Females are wingless or have short wings
- Similar to larvae except have compound eyes
Females and larvae are sometimes called glowworms
Adults don't feed (exception is females of some species that eat specialized predators of other fireflies)
All larvae are predaceous
```
129
Light of Lampyridae
Males and females produce light to attract a mate and in courtship
Only nocturnal adult species produce light; all larvae produce light
- Larvae produce light to advertise bad taste
Light is species-specific
Last 2-3 abdominal sterna are luminous
Light is produced by oxidation of luciferin
130
What is luciferin?
Produced in cells of light-producing organs located in tip of abdomen
How light is produced
131
Family Coccinellidae
```
Order Coleoptera
Mostly predaceous & terrestrial
- Adults/larvae prey on sternorrhyncha
Ladybugs, ladybird beetles, lady beetles
Coloration varies between species and between individuals of same species (advertise bad taste through bright colors)
Oval, convex
Head concealed by pronotum
Short, clubbed antennae
Tarsi seem 3,3,3 but are actually 4,4,4
Normally overwinter in adult stage in large aggregations in sheltered places
```
132
Larvae of Coccinellidae
Elongated, somewhat flattened
Covered with small tubercles or spines
Often brightly colored
133
What is the defense of Coccinellidae?
Smooth & shiny elytra
Can retract legs and antennae
Yellow haemolymph with repulsive smell and distasteful chemicals released from leg joints
134
Mexican bean beetle
A garden pest in N.A.
Family Coccinellidae
Phytophagous
Eats leaves of various plants in Family Fabaceae (oligophagous)
135
Multicolored Asian lady beetle
```
Harmonia axyridis
Invade humans' houses for overwintering
Intentionally introduced US species
First established in CA in 1994
Can be identified by M on pronotum
Predator of aphids, but nuisance for aggregation in homes
Compete with native ladybugs
```
136
What type of beetles are there?
```
Predaceous
- Aquatic
- Terrestrial
Phytophagous
Saphrophagous
Mixed habits
```
137
Family Curculinoidae
```
Order Coleoptera
Weevils
Phytophagous
Dominant family
Head prolonged into a snout
Antennae arise in middle of snout
Mandibles located at tip of snout
Hard elytra (sometimes fused)
```
138
Species of Curculionidae
```
Pests:
- Boll weevil (cotton)
- Strawberry root weevil
- Rice weevil (stored grain products)
Genus Curculio (inside acorn or nuts of different trees)
```
139
Feeding habits of Curculionidae
Larvae & adults are phytophagous
Many are host specific
Adults feed externally (leaves, pollen, flowers...)
Larva are apod (legless) & develop in concealed places (in fruit, stems, leaves) or underground (on plant roots)
140
Life cycle of genus Curculio
Family Curculionidae
Feed inside acorn or nuts of different trees
Females use long snouts to chew holes in acorns
- Lay one egg per acorn
Conceals it with pellets of droppings
Larvae feed inside the acorn until ready to emerge & pupate in the groun
141
Family Ceramycidae
```
Order Coleoptera
Long-horned beetles
Phytophagous
- Adults feed on flowers, pollen, leaves or bark
- Larvae feed on roots, in stems, or in trunks
Elongated, cylindrical antennae
Eyes notched or divided
Some are brightly colored
```
142
Larvae of Cerambycidae
Wood-borers
Have powerful jaws to cut through wood
A few attack living trees, but most prefer freshly cut log, dead, or dying trees
Some play an important role in nutrient recycling in forest ecosystems
143
Species of Cerambycidae
Asian long-horned beetle
Introduced to N.A. from China (came with infested wood)
Serious threat to hardwood trees (maple, birch, willow)
Larvae tunnel under tree bark and bore into healthy hardwood trees
144
Family Buprestidae
```
Order Coleoptera
Metallic wood boring beetles
Phytophagous
Stout bodied, often flattened
Adults feed on foliage of trees or on pollen
```
145
Larvae of Buprestidae
Eggs laid in bark of dead/dying trees
Larvae bore into wood
Known as "flat-headed borers"
146
Species of Buprestidae
Emerald ash borer
Recently introduced species of wood boring beetle (native to Asia)
Attack healthy ash trees
Larvae tunnel into wood, forming serpentine galleries
- Pupate inside wood
Adults leave a characteristic D-shaped exit hole
147
Family Chrysomelidae
Order Coleoptera
Leaf-beetles
Phytophagous
Color/body shape variable (often attractive)
Large family
Most adults & larvae feed externally on leaves (cause defoliation)
- Usually only veins remain (called "skeletonizing leaf beetles")
Others feed on flower, fruit
Larvae sometimes feed on plant roots, and some leaf miners
148
Pests of Chrysomelidae
Striped cucumber beetle: feed on family Curcubitaceae (gords). Vector of Cucurbit wilt. Larvae feed on the roots
Lily leaf beetle: From Europe (arrived in Mtl 1940). Feed mainly on lily (Family Liliaceae). Larvae cover themselves with excrement. Adults overwinter in soil
Colorado potato beetle: Originated in N.A (introduced to Europe). Feed on Family Solanaceae (potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant...). Larvae & adults feed on foliage. Adults overwinter in soil
Flea beetle: Less than 3mm. Jumping hind legs. Rarely noticed, but characterstic damage on leaves. Larvae feed on roots. Many pest species of vegetable crops (spinach flea beetle, potato flea beetle, cabbage flea beetle...)
Tortoise beetle: Famous for look. Adults & larvae feed on plant leaves. Golden tortois beetle can change from gold to red with black spots when disturbed. Larvae have forked appendage near tip of abdomen. Larvae cover themselves with feces/exuviae (move them around (like a parasol))
149
Family Scarabaeidae (phytophagous)
Order Coleoptera
Scarabs
Phytophagous
Vary in size, color, and habits
Usually oval and heavy bodied
Lamellate antennae
Males usually have enlarged mandibles or protruding horns
- Used in courtship or fighting other males
Large tropical species (hercultes, goliath, rhinoceros) belong to scarab family
Well known species (June, European chafer, Japanese)
Adults feed on leaves of various plants
Serious lawn pests
150
Life cycle of Scarabaeidae (phytophagous)
```
Adults form mating swarms
Eggs laid in soil
Larvae (white grubs) feed on plant roots
- Mainly feed on grasses
- Larvae live for 3 years
```
151
Japanese beetle
Family Scarabidae
Phytophagous
Have 300 different host plants
Well known scarab
152
Family Scarabaeidae (saprophagous)
```
Order Coleoptera
Dung beetles
Lay eggs on dung
- Larvae develop by feeding on it
Best known group (tumblebugs/rollers)
Extremely valuable in recycling fecal matter
```
153
Family Silphidae
Order Coleoptera
Carrion beetles
Adults attracted to dead bodies
Adults & larvae feed on carrion
Burying beetles: adults work in pairs to bury dead animal to lay eggs on
Subfamily Nicrophorinae show parental care by feeding newly hatched larvae with regurgitated carrion
154
Family Nitiduilidae
Order Coleoptera
Sap beetles
Saprophagous
Small (1-12mm)
Usually dark colored (one species has 4 bright yellow spots)
Adults/larvae feed on yeast in fermenting plant material
Common in rotten fruit, sap flow on injured trees, or other fermenting products
Called "picnic beetles" because attach picnic time
155
Family Dermestidae
Order Coleoptera
Dermestid beetles
Saprophagous
Feed on animal or plant derived material (wool, fur, feathers, dead insects, silk, grain, flour, pet food, cotton...)
Common house pests are carpet beetle and larder beetle
- Common museum pests
Positive: commonly used to clean skeletons in museums
156
Family Elateridae
Order Coleoptera
Click beetles
Mixed feeding habits
Elongated body, parallel-sided and rounded at each end
Large pronotum with posterior corner prolonged into spines
Mostly black or brown
If on back, can flip over by "clicking" and jumping
- Have flexible union of prothorax & mesothorax & a spine that fits into a groove on the mesosternum (snapping the spine allows them to be airborn)
157
Larvae of Elateridae
Larvae are hard-bodied, shiny (called "wireworms")
Various feeding habits
- Predaceous
- Omnivorous
- Phytophagous (found on newly planted seeds & roots/tubers)
158
Species of Elateridae
Eyed click beetle
Largest (24-45mm)
Easily recognized by two large eyelike spots on pronotum
Predaceous species
159
Family Meloidae
Order Coleoptera
Blister beetle
Mixed feeding habits
Haemolymph contain cantharidin that causes blisters
Females add cantharidin as coating for the eggs
Elytra soft & flexible
Some have short elytra & no hind wings
Pronotum narrow
Males have modified antennae used to grasp females antennae during copulation
Larvae are rarely seen
160
Feeding habits of Meloidae
Blister beetles
Adults are phytophagous (eat flowers and some leaves)
Larvae are predaceous & kleptoparasitic (invade nests of other species)
161
Order Trichoptera
Caddisflies
Moth-like appearance with hair wings and no coiled proboscis
Proboscis vestigial
Four wings, triangular, held rooflike at rest
Long antennae
Adults occur close to water
162
Larvae of Trichoptera
```
Larvae aquatic (ponds, lakes, streams)
Three pairs of thoracic legs
Pair of hooks at end of abdomen
Filamentous gills on abdominal segments
Secrete silk from salivary glands (used in cocoon, cases, & net construction)
Similar to Megaloptera but:
- No lateral filament
- Smaller
- Often live in cases
```
163
Cases & nets of Trichoptera
```
Cases:
- Many species construct cases to live in
- Case material is species-specific (leaves, twigs, sand grains, shells...)
- Fastened together with silk
Nets:
- Some species make silken nets
- Used to catch food particles in water
- live in fast flowing water
```
164
Feeding habits of Trichoptera larvae
Case makers = predaceous
Net spinners = detritus
Free living = predaceous
165
Order Lepidoptera
Butterflies, skippers, and moths
Have scaly wings and bodies
Scales are modified flattened hairs
Scales common in: camouflage, aposematic coloration, defensive patterns, thermoregulation, pheromone dispersal
Some have partly clear wings (no scales)
Variable antennae
Adults have long proboscis: works via aspiration & capillary intake
Adults feed on: mainly nectar, sweat, mud, tree sap, decaying fruit, urine, feces
166
Larvae of Lepidoptera
Caterpillars
Vary in size, shape, and color
Can have: false heads, eyespots, horns, bird dropping mimics, twig mimics
Some attach vegetation to their back for camouflage
Mostly have 3 pairs of thoracic legs & up to 5 pairs of prolegs (on abdominal segments 3-6 & 10)
- Family Geometridae have 2 pairs of prolegs
- Leaf miners are legless
Prolegs are small fleshy (unsegmented) legs used for walking/clinging
Most have 6 stemmata
167
Defense of caterpillars
```
Camouflage
Mimicry
Utricating hairs/spines
Noxious irritating compounds from abdominal glands
Osmeterium: eversible scent gland in form of forked tongue on upper part of thorax (bad smell)
- only in swallowtails
Warning coloration
Bad taste
Regurgitation
```
168
Feeding of caterpillars
```
Chewing mouthparts
Voracious eaters
Mainly phytophagous: mostly external feeds, sometimes leaf miners, gall inducers
Some are house pests
Few predaceous
```
169
Silk of caterpillars
```
Have silk glands (modified salivary glands)
Used for:
- Shelter contstruction
- Cocoon formation
- Chrysalis attachment
- Ballooning: aerial dispersal
```
170
Suborder Ditrysia
Order Lepidoptera
| Butterflies, skippers, and most moths
171
Superfamily Papilionoidae
```
Order Lepidoptera
Butterflies/skippers
Include 750 N.A. species
Brightly colored
Slender
Diurnal
Clubbed antennae
Wings held vertically
Pupa (chrysalis) exposed (no cocoon)
- Attached by cremaster: spinelike process at posterior end of chyrsalis
```
172
Family Papilionidae
Superfamily Papilionoidae
Swallowtails
Large, colorful
Have long tail-like extension on hind wings
Caterpillars are smooth, hairless, with osmeterium (defensive organ)
Contain some of the largest butterflies (birdwings)
- Queen Alexandra's birdwing is the largest
173
Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail)
Family Papilionidae
Larvae known as parsley worms
- Feed on parsley and related plants (carrot and celery leaves)
Males and females differ in color
174
Papilio cresphontes (giant swallowtail)
```
Family Papilionidae
Largest butterfly in N.A.
Wingspan up to 18cm
Common in southern Quebec
Caterpillars imitate bird droppings
```
175
Family Pieridae
Superfamily Papilionoidae
Contains white and sulphurs
White, light yellow, or orange; often with black margins
Common in open, sunny places
Caterpillars are green with short dense pubescence
176
Pieris rapae (small cabbage white)
Family Pieridae
Introduced from Europe
Serious pest of cabbage and related plants (radish, broccoli)
177
Family Lycaenidae
```
Superfamily Papilionoidae
Blues, coppers, hairstreaks, harvesters
Front legs reduced in males
Caterpillars are flattened & sluglike
Includes a few predaceous species
- Harvester feeds on aphids in larval stage
White rings around antennae and eyes
```
178
Family Nymphalidae
```
Superfamily Papilionoidae
Brush-footed butterflies
Short front legs, no claws
- Not used in walking
- Covered with hair-like scales
Species:
- White admiral
- Mourning cloak
- Monarch
- Viceroy
- Red admiral
- Painted lady
- Morphos
```
179
White admiral
Family Nymphalidae
Quebec's insect emblem
Larvae feed on foliage of various trees
Adults feed on nectar, rotten fruit, and animal feces
180
Mourning cloak
Family Nymphalidae
Overwinter as adults (most butterflies don't)
Overwinter in tree holes or other shelters
Overwintering survival:
- Build up glycerol in body (act as antifreeze)
Adults are seen in early spring
181
Monarch
```
Family Nymphalidae
Feed on milkweed in larval stage
Adults poisonous
- Toxicity varies
Can't survive winter in CA
Famous for migration
Different overwintering localities
```
182
Viceroy
Family Nymphalidae
Batesian mimicry
Non-toxic species that evolved to look like toxic species (monarchs)
183
Family Hesperiidae
```
Superfamily Papilionoidae
Skippers
Have fast erratic flight
Differentiated by:
- Base of antennae widely separated
- Hooked antennae
- Stockier (moth-like) body
- Pupate in cocoon made of leaves tied with silk
```
184
Larvae of Hesperiidae
Bid head; separated from bare abdomen by constricted neck
| Rarely seen as feed inside leave constructs they build consisting of folded/tied leaves
185
Moths
Order Lepidoptera
Mostly dull coloration; some colorful
Stout body
Nocturnal
Antennae never clubbed (usually filiform, pectinate, or feathery)
Wings held horizontally
Many have tympanum on thorax or abdomen
- Noctuidae have tympanal organ on each side of last thoracic segment
- Tympana used to detect high-pitched sounds of bats
Pupae enclosed in silken cocoons, in soil, or in rolled-up leaves
- Cocoons sometimes includes caterpillar's hairs or pieces of vegetation
Some are pests
186
Commercialized silk
Comes from moth cocoons made by Bombyx mori (family Bombycidae): silkworm moths
187
Mating and courtship of moths
Males can possess elaborate feathery antennae
- Used to detect and respond to female sex pheromones (finding mates - chemoreceptors)
Some males have pheromone dispersal via hair pencils (for courtship)
188
Mopane worms
Family Saturniidae
| Popular food in Africa
189
Family Sesiidae
Order Lepidoptera
Clearwing moths
Have no scales on parts of wings
Some mimic wasps (active during the day)
- Protected during day by wasplike appearance
Larvae bore into roots, stems, and trunks
190
Family Saturniidae
Order Lepidoptera
Giant silkworm moth
Adults don't live long (have reduced mouthparts)
Adults are nocturnal & attracted to light
Males: big plumose antennae, detect rapidly emerging females
Species:
- Cecropia moth (largest in N.A.)
- Luna moth
- Polyphemus moth
191
Larvae of Saturniidae
Huge
Often with tubercles or spines
Head partially drawn into thorax
Live on variety of trees
Overwinter as pupae:
- Cercopia & polyphemus have silken cocoons exposed on tree branches
- Luna moth cocoon themselves among dead leaves on the ground
Some have branched and poison-filled spines for stinging)
- Io moth
- Buch moth
192
Family Sphingidae
Order Lepidoptera
Sphinx moth (or hawk moth)
Distinctive shape with pointed body
Some species have scaleless wings (clear)
Mostly nocturnal, some diurnal
Adults hover in front of flowers & extend proboscis (called hummingbird moths)
Proboscis can reach 30cm
193
Life cycle of Sphingidae
Caterpillars called "hornworms"
Most pupate in the ground
Some species have have external proboscis as pupa
- Tomato hornworm (feed on tomato plants & related plants); common parasitized by wasps
194
Death's Head hawk moth
Family Sphingidae
Produce a sound when disturbed via expelling air from proboscis
Used in Silence of the Lambs
195
Family Lasiocampidae
```
Order Lepidoptera
Lappet moths
Stout body
Grey or brown (some imitate dead leaves)
Caterpillars have long thin setae
Best known caterpillars = Tent caterpillars
```
196
Tent caterpillars
Family Lasiocampidae
Malacosoma americanum (eastern tent caterpillars) are gregarious
- LIve in silken tents
- Larvae leave tent to feed (on foliage of Rosaceae family)
- Leave silken trails & scent trail pheromone to indicate good feeding spots
Malacosoma disstria (forest tent caterpillar) don't construct silken tents
- Live in forests & feed on foliage (maples, aspen...)
- Can cause severe defoliation
197
Family Noctuidae
```
Noctuids or owlet moths
Nocturnal
Attracted to light at night
Mostly dull colors
Tympanum located on metathorax
```
198
Caterpillars of Noctuidae
```
Caterpillars have smooth bodies
Important pests:
- Cutworms
- Cabbage looper
- Corn earworm
...
```
199
Cutworms
```
Family Noctuidae
Known for cutting base of young plants
Important agricultural pest
Eat at night
During day, hide in soil or plant bases
```
200
Family Erebidae
```
Order Lepidoptera
Erebid moths
One of the largest moth families
Include:
- Underwing moths (genus Catocala)
- Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)
- Tiger moths (subfamily Arctiinae)
```
201
Lymantria dispar (gypsy. moth)
Family Erebidae
Species introduced to N.A. in 1866 (from Europe)
Major N.A. forest pest
Highly polyphagous
Females lay multiple eggs on tree trunks or sheltered locations
Young larvae disperse via ballooning and human transportation
Strong sexual dimorphism
- Males dark colored with pectinate antennae
- Females light with filiform antennae. Don't fly
202
Order Diptera
Hind wings on metathorax reduced to small structures for equilibrium (halteres)
Forewings on mesothorax are membranous, normally transparent or with distinct patterns
Various antennae
Normally terrestrial adults
Few found close to water
- Some, rarely go underwater
203
Nematocerous families
```
Primitive (lower) flies
Have longer antennae
With over 8 flagellomeres
Multiple liquid diet haustellate mouthparts
- Can add saliva to food to liquify it
```
204
Suborder Brachycera
Higher flies
Have shorter antennae
8 or less flagellomeres
Multiple families with only 1 flagellomere & arista or style
205
Larvae of Diptera
Called maggots
Small, legless
Have chewing mouthparts
Can be aquatic (can tolerate extreme environments), semi-aquatic, or terrestrial (live in concealed places so don't desiccate
Pupa have various forms
- Sometimes enclosed in puparium (in some higher flies)
206
Puparium
Last larval cuticle
| Encloses the pupa
207
How are diptera divided:
Blood feeders: biting midges, mosquitoes, black flies, horse flies, stable flies
Predators: flower flies, robber flies
Phytophagous: fruit flies, leaf-miner flies
Scavengers/saprophagous: non-biting midges, small fruit flies, blow flies
Parasitic: bot flies
208
Diptera blood feeders:
Only females need blood
- Males feed on nectar
Larval stages are aquatic or semi-aquatic (moist environments)
Anticoagulant substance in saliva (causes itching)
Find host by scent, sight, & heat
Often act as disease vectors
209
Family Ceratopogonidae
Order Diptera
Biting midges
Blood feeders
Small (less than 2mm)
- Can pass through window screens
Females feed on blood & have cutting-sponging mouthparts
- Bites are harmful
Aquatic or semi-aquatic larvae: detritus feeders or predaceous
Not significant vectors of human diseases but are for livestock pathogens
- African horse sickness virus & bluetongue virus
210
Family Culicidae
Order Diptera
Mosquitoes
Blood feeders
Piercing-sucking mouthparts; long proboscis
Wing veins covered in scales
Deadliest animal in world
- Vector of important diseases in tropics (malaria, yellow fever, dengue, zika)
- Different species contain different pathogens
Ex. malaria transmitted by genus Anopheles
Ex. West nile virus transmitted by genus Culex
211
Culicidae host selection
Not host-specific
Have host preferences depending on host availability
Can be opportunistic
A few species are selective
212
Larvae & pupae of Culicidae
Mosquito larvae in stagnant water
- Feed on algae, organic debris: are filter feeders with mouth-brushes
- Breath with siphon on posterior end of body
Pupa are aquatic and active
- Swim but don't feed
- Breath through pair of small trumpet-like structures on thorax
213
Toxorhynchites rutilus
Elephant mosquito
| Lec 22: slide 17 (read article)
214
Uranotaenia lowii
Pale-footed Uranotaenia
| Lec 22 slide 18 (read article)
215
Family Simuliidae
```
Order Diptera
Black flies
Flood feeders
Similar to biting midges but:
- Larger
- Humpbacked
Have cutting sponging mouthparts
Females feed on blood (& nectar); males feed on nectar
Transmit river blindness (Onchoceriasis) to humans
```
216
Larvae of Simuliidae
Larvae found in flowing water
Filter feeders; mouthparts modified into fans
- Feed on algae, detritus
Take in oxygen from water through gill filaments on thorax
217
Family Tabanidae
```
Order Diptera
Horse flies and deer flies
Blood feeders
Large flies (up to 2.5cm)
Make loud buzzing noise
Often have dark wings & iridescent colored eyes
Adult females have cutting-sponging mouthparts
- Painful bite
Serious livestock pest
```
218
Larvae of Tabanidae
Live in water-saturated soil
Horse flies are predaceous
Deer flies are omnivorous
219
Family Muscidae (blood feeders)
```
Order Diptera
Stable flies
Blood feeders
Have piercing-sucking mouthparts
- Painful bite
Males also feed on blood
Larvae develop in moist decaying straw or rotting vegatation (manure)
Important livestock pest
Also family of house flies
```
220
Family Syrphidae
```
Order Diptera
Flower flies (also called hover flies)
Predators
Distinctive wing venation: have spurious vein in middle of wing
Brightly colored, often yellow or orange with black
- Many look & sound like bees or wasps
Adults feed on nectar & sometimes pollen
Important pollinators
Larvae are usually predators of aphids
```
221
Spurious vein
Incomplete longitudinal vein
| Found in Syrphidae (flower flies)
222
Family Asilidae
```
Order Diptera
Robber flies
Predaceous
Small to large flies (up to 5cm)
Characteristic head:
- Vertex excavated (humped) & tuft of facial hair = mystax
Some mimic wasps and bees
Piercing-sucking mouthparts
- Insert proboscis in victims
- Saliva contains toxins to paralyze prey
```
223
Family Tephritidae
Order Diptera
Fruit flies (called peacock flies)
Phytophagous
Adults have patterned wings that are species-specific
- Used in courtship
Insert eggs in fresh fruit or other plant parts
Pests (large pest is Meditteranean fruit fly (med fly))
Have have long ovipositor
224
Common N.A. species of Tephritidae
Rhagoletis pomonella (larvae called apple maggot)
- larvae tunnel in apples, leaving brown tracks inside fruit
- Affected apples drop prematurely
Eurosta solidaginis (goldenrod gall fly)
- Females insert one egg in the stem of goldenrod plants
225
Gall
An abnormal growth of plant tissue produced in response to activities of an insect
Extra tissue forms a thick tumor-like growth around larvae
Inside gall contains food for larvae
Gall provides protection against predators & parasites
226
Family Agromyzidae
Order Diptera
Leaf-miner flies
Phytophagous
Adults are inconspicuous, small (about 2-4mm)
Larvae feed internally on living plant tissue
Leaf mines are common damages, but other parts of the plant can be attacked
Many species are host specific (some polyphagous species)
Species recognized by combo of type of mine & host plant, rather than adult fly characteristics
227
Types of leaf mines of Agromyzidae
Species-specific
Linear
Serpentine
Blotch
228
Family Chironomidae
Order Diptera
Non-biting midges
Saprophagous
Similar to mosquito but:
- Scales on wings
- No long piercing-sucking proboscis
Males have plumose antennae
Most species have aquatic larval stage
- Bright red, have haemoglobin (called bloodworms)
- Can tolerate high levels of pollution (low oxygen areas)
Various feeding habits & lifestyles (mostly detritus)
229
Wingless Chironomidae
Antartic midge
| Only insect that can survive year-round in Antartica
230
Family Drosophilidae
Order Diptera
Small fruit flies (also called vinegar flies)
Saprophagous
Females lay eggs in fermenting fruit
- Developing larvae feed on yeast & bacteria in fruit)
- Can develop from egg to adult in 7 days
- One female lays 400 eggs
231
Drosophila melanogaster
Family Drosophilidae
| Model organism for genetic research
232
Family Calliphoridae
Order Diptera
Blow flies (also called greenbottle or bluebottle flies)
Saprophagous
Metallic green or blue
Most larvae live in carrion, feces, or garbage
Mechanic vector of dysentery
Useful for:
- decomposing
- Forensic entomology
- Maggot therapy (species that feed on decaying or dead tissue)
233
Myiasis
Parasitic insect feeding on live tissue
Ex. Screwworm flies (family Calliphoridae)
Ex. Family Oestridae
234
Family Oestridae
Order Diptera`
Bot flies (also called warble flies because cause swelling)
Parasitic
Internal parasite
Causes Myiasis
Larvae feed on host tissue near surface of skin
- Breath through hole at the surface
- Emerge when ready to pupate in the ground
One human species: Dermatobia hominis (found in central and south america)
235
Order Hymenoptera
```
Most beneficial order to humans
Consists of sawflies, horntails, wasps, bees, and ants
Have:
- Hamuli on hind wings
- Some females have well developed ovipositor that can be modified into a stinging organ (in Aculeata group)
- Have haplodiploid sex determination
Two groups:
- Symphyta
- Suborder Apocrita
```
236
Hamuli
Hooks on hindwings of Hymenoptera that join forewings and hindwings together during flight
237
Symphytans
```
Group of Hymenoptera
- Includes sawflies and horntails
Represent 5% of Hymenoptera
More primitive
- Thorax broadly joined to abdomen
Solitary
All phytophagous (external plant feeders and wood borers)
Larvae have 3 pairs of thoracic legs and at least 6 pairs of prolegs (no hooks)
1 stemma
```
238
Suborder Apocrita
Group of Hymenoptera
Includes wasps, bees, and ants
More advanced Hymenoptera
- Have narrow waisted with petiole
First segment of abdomen (propodeum) is incorporated into thorax
Petiole joins the rest of the abdomen (gaster)
Various feeding habits: predators, parasitoids, pollen feeders, omnivorous, rarely phytophagous
Larvae are maggot-like, legless
239
Petiole
A constriction between first abdominal segment & remainder of abdomen
240
Hymenoptera are divided by:
```
Phytophagous: Symphyta group
Parasitoids: Ichneumonoidea family
Predatory: Sphecidae, Vespidae
Pollen feeders: Apidae, Megachilidae
Omnivorous: Formicidae
```
241
Sawflies
Order Hymenoptera
Group Symphyta
Multiple familes
Phytophagous
Characterized by:
- Sawlike ovipositor that cuts slits in plant stems
Larvae can defoliate entire plants if not controlled
Second most important group of defoliators (behind Lepidoptera)
Pupate inside a cocoon
242
Elm sawfly
Widespread in N.A.
| Adults have huge mandibles to cut opening in trees (for sap)
243
Family Siricidae
```
Order Hymenoptera
Group Symphyta
Horntails
Phytophagous
Some of the largest Hymenoptera (up to 6cm)
Adults have horn-like projections on last abdominal segment
Females have long drilling ovipositor
- Protected by pair of ovipositor sheats
```
244
Larvae of Siricidae
Horntail larvae (called woodwasps)
Larvae bore into tree trunks
Feed on wood and fungi
- Fungi is introduced in the tree by female during egg laying
Most species attack conifers
- Exception: Tremex columba (pigeon tremex) attack maple & other hardwood trees (weak or recently fallen trees)
Emerge from wood after pupation (leave 6mm holes in wood)
245
Parasitoids wasps
```
Order Hymenoptera
Most are host-specific
Larvae feed & develop in/on a single host
Host is eventually killed
Only females search for host
```
246
Superfamily Ichneumonoidea
Order Hymenoptera
Ichneumonids & braconids
Parasitoids
One of the most diverse families of insects
From .5mm-6cm
Characterized by long, non-retractable ovipositor
- Mainly used for egg laying
Mostly use gregarious parasitism (multiple eggs in one host)
247
Megarhyssa
Superfamily Ichneumonoidea
Ichneumonid wasp
Largest parasitoid wasp
Ovipositor is longest of all insects (12cm)
Insert eggs deep in tree trunks infested with horntail larvae
- Horntail larvae are hosts
- Female lays one egg per host
248
Predatory & solitary wasps
Order Hymenoptera
Stinging wasps
Ovipositor modified into stinging organ (injects venom to paralyze prey)
- Stingers can be retracted
Larvae feed on multiple prey left in nests
Host-specific species
249
Family Sphecidae
```
Order Hymenoptera
Thread-waisted wasps
Predatory & solitary wasps
Common species:
- Black & yellow mud-dauber wasp
- Blue mud-dauber wasp
Different from parasitoids because use multiple spiders are given per larvae, not one
```
250
Black & yellow mud-dauber wasp
Family Sphecidae
Females build mud nests
- Have a number of cells
- Each cell is given paralyzed spiders and one egg
- Hatching larvae feed on spiders
- When mature, larvae spin cocoon and overwinter in cells (pupate in spring): emerge as adults a few weeks later by chewing out of nest
251
Blue mud-dauber wasp
Family Sphecidae
Reuse abandoned mud nests made by black & yellow mud-daubers
Females don't collect mud, instead moisten old nest with water
- Puts spiders in cells
252
Aculeata
Stinging wasps
253
Family Vespidae
Order Hymenoptera
Paper wasps (polistes), yellow jackets, hornets
Predatory & social
Have ovipositor modified into a stinging organ (used mainly for nest defense)
Vespula have shortest distance between eye and mandible
Coloration
- Genus Dolichovesupla are black and white (bald-faced hornet)
- Yellowjackets are black and yellow
Have true hornets
254
True hornets
```
Family Vespidae
In genus Vespa
Largest social Vespidae (up to 5cm)
V. mandarinia (asian giant hornet) is largest in the world
- Newly introduced to western N.A.
One N.A. species = Vespa crabo
```
255
Nests of Vespidae
Use mandibles to scrape wood for fibers
- Wood fibers are mixed with saliva and spread in layers to build nest
- Nests exposed (mainly Polistes and Dolichovespula) or concealed (mainly Vespula)
- Vespula & Dolichovespula cover nests with multiple layer of paper
- Polistes don't cover nest with paper
Don't reuse
256
Caste system of Vespidae
Queen:
- Fertile diploid female
- Born in fall
- Specialized for egg production (abdomen enlarged)
- In fall, new mated queen looks for shelter
- In spring, she builds a new nest
Drones
- Fertile haploid males
- Born in fall, mates with queen from another colony, dies
Workers:
- Sterile diploid females
- Smallest and most numerous of colony (hundreds to thousands in a nest)
- Feed larvae (chewed up insects; caterpillars mostly)
257
Social wasp difference
Can sting multiple times
| Have smooth stinger (not barbed)
258
Pollen feeder Hymenoptera
Bees
Social or solitary
Social honeybee and bumblebee are a small fraction of all bees
- Most are solitary and ground-nesting
Get pollen and nectar from flowers (pollen is larval food source)
- Exception: cuckoo bees lay eggs in other bee nests and eat their pollen
Most have branched body hairs to collect large amount of pollen
- Hairless bees transport pollen in crops
Have species body structures (corbiculae or scopae) to collect pollen
259
Corbicula
Called a pollen basket
Smooth and depressed area surrounded by fringe of hairs
Located on hind tibiae of honey bees and bumble bees
260
Scopa
Dense tuft of hairs
| Located on side of abdomen or hind tibiae
261
Family Apidae (honeybees)
```
Order Hymenoptera
Honey bees
Social bees
Only one species in N.A. (Apis mellifera: european honey bee)
- Introduced in 1622
A colony can contain 10-50k bees
Most live in man-made hives
- Escaped swarms nest in hollow trees
```
262
Apidae (honeybee) hives
Contain wood frames
Honey bees produce wax to build own comb in the frame
Comb is called honey comb or brood comb
Colonies are perennial (queen and workers overwinter in the hive)
Each colony has queen, drones, and workers
Comb building:
- Workers secrete wax scales from wax glands under abdomen
- Scales are chewed up and mixed with saliva to build combs
263
Caste system of Apidae (honeybees)
Queen:
- Fertile diploid female
- Specialized for egg production (abdomen enlarged)
- Larvae develop into queen if fed entirely royal jelly
- One queen per hive; can live up to 5 years
- Can lay up to 2,000 eggs/day
- Can sting repeatedly
Drones:
- Fertile haploid males
- Robust thorax and abdomen
- Large compound eyes that take up most of the head
- Mate with queen from another hiver while in flight (male dies soon after)
Workers:
- Sterile, diploid females
-Smallest and most numerous
- Do all work (division of labor based on age of bees)
- Fed with royal jelly only 3 days
- Can only sting once (stinger is barbed and stays attached)
264
Royal jelly
Secretion from worker's mandibular glands
265
Honey production of Apidae (honeybees)
Foraging bees take nectar into crop
Nectar is transferred to house bees that incorporate an enzyme to it and remove excess water by fanning wings
Concentrated nectar (honey) is enclosed in cells
Honey is an energy source for adult bees
- Store large amounts for winter survival
266
Waggle dance of worker Apidae (honeybees)
Foraging bees find good site
Communicates her findings to other bees by executing a figure-8 dance to the other bees in the hive
Dance communicates the distance, direction, and quality of food sources to other foraging bees
267
Family Apidae (bumble bees)
```
Order Hymenoptera
Bumble bees
Social
Have annual colonies
Only newly fertilized queens overwinter in sheltered places
Nests are built in ground or other sheltered places
Important pollinators
Colonies have a few hundred individuals
Have smooth stinger (rarely sting)
```
268
Honey pots
Wax pots filled with honey
Containers for bumble bee honey stores
Used to survive cold or rain periods
269
Family Megachilidae
```
Order Hymenoptera
Leaf-cutting bees
Solitary
Scopa on ventral side of abdomen
Cut circular pieces of leaves to line the cells of their nest
- Some use other materials
```
270
Species of Megachilidae that use different material for nests:
Wool carder bee:
- Use woolly plant material
Giant resin bee:
- Use resin
271
Family Halictidae
Order Hymenoptera
Halictid bees or sweat bees
Solitary, but individuals nest near each other
Pollen is carried on scopae located on hind legs
Sweat bees can take sweat from humans
272
Family Formicidae
Ants
All social
Very numerous: near 1/3 of animal biomass
Wingless (except reproductive caste)
Usually red, reddish-brown, or black
Variable in size (from 1.5mm-35mm)
Elbowed antennae (geniculate)
- First antennal segment (scape) is elongated & remaining segments at sharp angle
- Males can have filiform antennae
Chewing mouthparts (usually large mandibles)
Diverse feeding habits (omnivorous, some specialized)
Holometabolous development
Diverse
273
Feeding habits of Formicidae
```
Mostly omnivorous
- Dead & live insects, small animals, decomposing matter, seeds, fruits, nectar, honeydew...
Some specialized:
- Harvester ants eat seeds
- Leaf-cutter ants eat fungus
```
274
Nesting of Formicidae
```
Colonies are perennial
Survive winter protected in nests
Build in different places depending on species
- Most nest in soil
- Some use plant cavities
- Decaying wood
Buildings
Well organized:
- Rearing chamber
- Queen chamber
- Food storage
- Garbage unit
```
275
Defensive mechanisms of Formicidae
Have powerful mandibles (can bite or decapitate prey)
Subfamily Formicinae secrete irritating compound (formic acid) from abdominal glands
- works as an alarm pheromone
- No stinger
Most ants have stinger that injects venom
276
Myrmecomorphy
```
Ant mimicry
Over 2,000 species of arthropods have learned to mimic ants
Mimic:
- Body shape
- Color
- Texture
- Body movement
```
277
Social structure of Formicidae
At least 3 castes: queens, males, workers; sometimes soldiers
Can have multiple queens
After mating, males die & females shed wings and start new colonies
278
Trophallaxis in Formicidae
Transfer regurgitated food to other members of colony (other workers, larvae, and queen)
Mouth to mouth = stomodeal trophallaxis
Also used to communicate
- Give info on quality of food at site or spread colony odor
279
Importance of ants
```
Good:
- Aerate soil
- Help decompose organic matter
- Control insect pests
- Seed dispersal
Bad:
- Nest in homes/forage for food in homes
- Form large soil mounts in people's lawns, killing grass
- Sting/bite people
```
280
Carpenter ants
```
Subfamily Formicinae
Genus Camponotus
Large black ants
Best known as household pests (invade homes & damage wood)
Accelerate decomposition of dead wood
- Excavate galleries and chambers in wood to build nests
- Don't feed on wood
Attack soft, moist, or decaying wood
Omnivorous
```
281
Army ants
Called army due to the way they walk in swarms
Colonies can have up to several million ants
Aggressive: attack any small animals in their path
Soldiers have hooked mandibles to grasp/kill prey
Use stingers to paralyze prey
Don't build permanent nests like most ants due to large population
- Continue move in search of food
- Build bivouac (temporary nests built out of their bodies) every night to surround and protect queen
282
Leaf-cutter ants
Genus atta
Workers cut circular pieces of leaves/petals with sharp mandibles
- Carry to nest and remove protective wax covering from leaves to add a fungus
- Fungus is food for larvae and adults
Form enormous subterranean nests (up to 20m wide & 5m deep)
- Can contain millions of workers
Queens take fungus with them when beginning new colony for a new "fungus farm"
