final exam abn

Question 1

what is the indegenous paradigm

Answer 1

earth is out mother - teacher to be loved and respected

the mind is a tool for creation of balance and harmony of all being.

Tuning with our emotions is important

We are Spirit Beings have physical experience

Knowledge comes from the connection with Spirit

Life is a journey of cleansing and transformation

Question 2

What is the Western paradigm

Answer 2

Earth is to be exploited for human gain

The mind is an innovator to be fully developed.

Emotions should be controlled and reserved if they don’t follow social norms

Spirit is expresseed through one’s religion of choice.

Knowledge can be measured and empirically validated by scientists

Life is a journey to achieve success and comfort.

Question 3

What are some impact of colonialism

Answer 3

devastating, being controlled, manipulated and killed.

dissociation of identity, culture and self. (residential schools)

Question 4

How to heal from the impacts of colonisalism

Answer 4

Context has to be taken - we need to acknowledge real history. without blaming, mentioning names.

reconnect with the old healing methods by reaching out for others, reconstructing and affirming indigenous concepts.

Question 5

Incidence is always smaller than prevalence True or False

Answer 5

True

Question 6

ICD 11 have separate categories on ______ and ________

Answer 6

sleep wake disorders and conditions related to sexual health.

Question 7

What are the consequences of adding more changes and disorders in te DSM

Answer 7

it opens the dor for overdiagniosing and overmedication.

Question 8

What are some advantages of classification?

Answer 8

o Common language (saves time and money), in research it’s useful because diagnosis can be studied in a systematic way, info for the educators and students and people in general.
o Coding system for stats and insurance and administrative purposes.
o Important roles in civil and criminal legal proceedings.
o Overall it provides structure.

Question 9

Critiques of classifications

Answer 9

o Criteria have too many details – not convenient for clinicians.
o Not detailed enough for researchers.
o Dull for teachers and students.

and not precise enough for lawyers.

Question 10

what was the early term for schizophrenia?

Answer 10

dementia praecox coined by Kraeplin.

Question 11

Kraeplin proposed two majors groups of severe mental disease. What were they?

Answer 11

dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis.

Question 12

The first 2 DSM were _________ and it means that it is _____________ and has a poor___________

Answer 12

psychoanalytic oriented

subjective

reliability

Question 13

What did DSM 3 introduced?

Answer 13

multi-axial system

Question 14

What did the DSM 4 introduced?

Answer 14

prevalence, course, gender, and cultural factors

more infor on each disorder

COMORBIDITY

Question 15

In what way does the definition of mental disorder differ between DSM 4 and 5

Answer 15

DSM 5 eliminated the multi-axial system approach

it redefined and combined various autism related disorders into one category - that is the Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Dimensional approach instead of categorical approach.

Removal of Bereavement exclusion

Question 16

Name the 3 ways we view the DSM

Answer 16

1- Mental disorders are real things

2- Mental disroders are heuritics constructs, there are overlaps and continuation of things.

3- Mental disorders are not real - just social constructs thus diagnosis is not necessary.

Question 17

Why do we see such high rates of mental health problems in Canada and USA relative to other countries? Why so low in other countries / cultures?

Answer 17

o DSM accessible to general public
o Role of media and public personality.
o It is easy to meet the criteria.

Question 18

What are some DSM 5 criticisms

Answer 18

• What are some DSM 5 criticisms
  o Lowering age requirements – promotes overuse of medstherapy in childs, which causes serious side effects.
  o Lowered thresholds.

Question 19

what should guide adding new diagnosis to the DSM list or keeping the questionable ones?

Answer 19

Empirical Evidence: Supported by robust research and clinical observations.

Consider the impact on the public health, have a cultural sensitivity.

avoid stigmatization through careful use of language.

Consider multiple perspective and have discussions with the population before hand

Question 20

Name the different dimensions or symptoms associated with anxiety disorders.

Answer 20

Cognitive, emotional, physiological, existential, ecological, clinical (e.g., Generalized Anxiety Disorder or Social Anxiety Disorder).

Question 21

Explain the neurobiological basis of anxiety, focusing on the involvement of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex.

Answer 21

The amygdala is responsible for emotions processing and memory consolidation, while the prefrontal cortex inhibits the amygdala. An overactive amygdala, coupled with a dysfunctional prefrontal cortex, can contribute to anxiety disorders.

Question 22

List the neurotransmitters and hormones implicated in anxiety disorders and briefly explain the role of CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor) in anxiety.

Answer 22

CRF, HPA axis (cortisol), ANS (adrenaline), Norepinephrine, and GABA. CRF has a dual role: it activates the stress response and can contribute to the development of anxiety disorders.

Question 23

What are some common features of anxiety disorders, and why is comorbidity recurrent in these disorders?

Answer 23

Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive worry and fear. Comorbidity is recurrent, often overlapping with substance abuse, depression, PTSD, and OCD. The strongest comorbidity is with depression, often treated with SSRIs.

Question 24

According to the behaviorist perspective, how are phobias developed, and what role does avoidance play in reinforcing fear?

Answer 24

Behaviorists suggest phobias are classically conditioned, and avoidance of the feared object or stimulus reinforces the fear.

Question 25

Provide general information about Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and discuss cross-cultural variations in specific phobias

Answer 25

SAD involves an intense fear of social situations. Cross-cultural variations include examples like “Paleng” in China (fear of cold) and “Taijin kyofusho” (fear of embarrassing others) in Japan

Question 26

Explain the behavioral approaches used in treating phobias, and discuss the role of avoidance in these approaches.

Answer 26

Behavioral approaches include desensitization, exposure, modeling, flooding, and operant techniques. Avoidance is gradually reduced through real-life exposure to the phobic object, and clients are rewarded for successes.

Question 27

From a cognitive perspective, how are phobias viewed, and why might cognitive approaches be effective in treating social phobias?

Answer 27

Cognitive approaches focus on irrational beliefs and thoughts. They are effective in social phobias when combined with social skills training.

Question 28

Discuss the drug therapy options for treating phobias, and mention a GABA agonist commonly used.

Answer 28

Drug therapies include GABA agonist barbiturates (e.g., valium and Xanax), MAOIs, and SSRIs. Clonidine, a GABA agonist, can be used to block traumatic memories.

Question 29

How does the psychoanalytic perspective view and treat phobias?

Answer 29

Psychoanalysis aims to uncover repressed conflicts underlying fears and views phobias as outgrowths of early problems.