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Chem/Physics 927 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

amu

A

mass of an atom. =grams when you have 1 mole

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2
Q

amu

A

mass of an atom. =grams when you have 1 mole

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3
Q

atoms

A

smallest fraction of an element that can exist and show the characteristics of an element.

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4
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be separated into a simpler substance by chemical means. can be diatomic (Br I N Cl H O F). examples also include O2, carbon, nitrogen

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5
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms that are chemically joined together. smallest unit that retains physical and chemical properties of the substance. ex) H2O, O2, H2, N2. oxygen as it exists in the environment is a molecule

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6
Q

compounds

A

molecule that contains at least 2 different elements ex) H2O, C3H5OH

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7
Q

physical change

A

simple change in a state of matter from solid to liquid to gas

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8
Q

latent heat of vaporization

A

amount of energy s substance absorbs to overcome attractive forces between molecules ex) liquid to gas

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9
Q

chemical change

A

change in the composition of matter.

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10
Q

hydrogen is _____ (loss of electron)

A

oxidized

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11
Q

oxygen is _____ (gain of electron)

A

reduced. gets more negative, reduces polarity

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12
Q

mass

A

how much space you occupy, it is a constant

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13
Q

weight

A

gravitational force acting on matter. experienced by a mass on earths surface. can change relative to position ex) on the moon

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14
Q

gravity

A

force acting on matter on earth.

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15
Q

cohesion

A

intermolecular forces between LIKE molecules. greatest in solids, less in liquids, least in gases. decrease cohesion by application of energy

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16
Q

adhesion

A

interaction between UNLIKE molecules. ex) methanol versus water on a table top. water beads and methanol spreads

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17
Q

atomic mass

A

=protons plus neutrons

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18
Q

isotopes

A

any several different forms of an element each having a same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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19
Q

fission

A

nucleus breaks and lots of energy is released (ex seltzer in water)

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20
Q

fusion

A

2 nuclei come together to create a new element. more energy than fission

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21
Q

chemical properties of water that make it a good solvent for polar compounds

A
  1. when water freezes it becomes less dense, therefore ice floats
  2. dipolar nature of water makes the water a universal solvent
  3. attractive and repulsive forces among water molecules- produces space between water molecules for gas molecules
  4. water has a high latent heat (storage of charges), stores more heat per unit volume than most other substances and releases heat slowly.
  5. water has a high latent heat of vaporization. large amount of heat required to break hydrogen bonds and the heat is carried off as water vapor
  6. water is cohesive, molecules tend to stick together
  7. wate is adhesive- tends to stick fo surfaces with polar groups
  8. water dissociates into H+ and OH-, contributes to acid/base balance
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22
Q

nonpolar covalent electronegativity

A
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23
Q

polar covalent electronegativity

A

> .4-

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24
Q

ionic bond electronegativity

A

NaCl. >1.8

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25
Q

intermolecular forces

A

dipole-dipole, momentary dipolar, H bonding

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26
Q

van der waals

A

weak, short range electrostatic attractive forces between uncharged molecules, arising from interaction of permanent or transient electric dipole moments

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27
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

hydrogen bound covalently to another atom with unequal sharing of electrons. hydrogen atom will form a weaker bond with another atom that is negatively charged

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28
Q

acid

A

any substance capable of donating a proton

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29
Q

base

A

any substance capable of accepting a proton

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30
Q

ac current

A

alternating current. the electron flow reverses direction at regular intervals (oscillates). is measured in cycles per second or Hz, current continues to flow even when cycle is not completed. ex)AC, electric company, hydroelectric dam, power plant

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31
Q

ac current

A

alternating current. the electron flow reverses direction at regular intervals (oscillates). is measured in cycles per second or Hz, current continues to flow even when cycle is not completed. ex)AC, electric company, hydroelectric dam, power plant

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32
Q

atoms

A

smallest fraction of an element that can exist and show the characteristics of an element.

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33
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be separated into a simpler substance by chemical means. can be diatomic (Br I N Cl H O F). examples also include O2, carbon, nitrogen

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34
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms that are chemically joined together. smallest unit that retains physical and chemical properties of the substance. ex) H2O, O2, H2, N2. oxygen as it exists in the environment is a molecule

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35
Q

compounds

A

molecule that contains at least 2 different elements ex) H2O, C3H5OH

36
Q

physical change

A

simple change in a state of matter from solid to liquid to gas

37
Q

latent heat of vaporization

A

amount of energy s substance absorbs to overcome attractive forces between molecules ex) liquid to gas

38
Q

chemical change

A

change in the composition of matter.

39
Q

hydrogen is _____ (loss of electron)

A

oxidized

40
Q

oxygen is _____ (gain of electron)

A

reduced. gets more negative, reduces polarity

41
Q

mass

A

how much space you occupy, it is a constant

42
Q

weight

A

gravitational force acting on matter. experienced by a mass on earths surface. can change relative to position ex) on the moon

43
Q

gravity

A

force acting on matter on earth.

44
Q

cohesion

A

intermolecular forces between LIKE molecules. greatest in solids, less in liquids, least in gases. decrease cohesion by application of energy

45
Q

adhesion

A

interaction between UNLIKE molecules. ex) methanol versus water on a table top. water beads and methanol spreads

46
Q

atomic mass

A

=protons plus neutrons

47
Q

isotopes

A

any several different forms of an element each having a same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

48
Q

fission

A

nucleus breaks and lots of energy is released (ex seltzer in water)

49
Q

fusion

A

2 nuclei come together to create a new element. more energy than fission

50
Q

chemical properties of water that make it a good solvent for polar compounds

A
  1. when water freezes it becomes less dense, therefore ice floats
  2. dipolar nature of water makes the water a universal solvent
  3. attractive and repulsive forces among water molecules- produces space between water molecules for gas molecules
  4. water has a high latent heat (storage of charges), stores more heat per unit volume than most other substances and releases heat slowly.
  5. water has a high latent heat of vaporization. large amount of heat required to break hydrogen bonds and the heat is carried off as water vapor
  6. water is cohesive, molecules tend to stick together
  7. wate is adhesive- tends to stick fo surfaces with polar groups
  8. water dissociates into H+ and OH-, contributes to acid/base balance
51
Q

nonpolar covalent electronegativity

A
52
Q

polar covalent electronegativity

A

> .4-

53
Q

ionic bond electronegativity

A

NaCl. >1.8

54
Q

intermolecular forces

A

dipole-dipole, momentary dipolar, H bonding

55
Q

van der waals

A

weak, short range electrostatic attractive forces between uncharged molecules, arising from interaction of permanent or transient electric dipole moments

56
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

hydrogen bound covalently to another atom with unequal sharing of electrons. hydrogen atom will form a weaker bond with another atom that is negatively charged

57
Q

acid

A

any substance capable of donating a proton

58
Q

base

A

any substance capable of accepting a proton

59
Q

understand how ionized and unionized forms of local anesthetic are involved in process of producing conduction block

A

(B)unprotonated, uncharged base diffuses more easily through nerve sheath, is required for diffusion into neuron, reflected clinically as onset of anesthesia.
(BH+) protonated, charged, conjugate acid binds to receptor site on inside of cell membrane, responsible for suppression of action potential (VgNa channels), reflected clinically by the profoundness of the block

60
Q

ac current

A

alternating current. the electron flow reverses direction at regular intervals (oscillates). is measured in cycles per second or Hz, current continues to flow even when cycle is not completed. ex)AC, electric company, hydroelectric dam, power plant

61
Q

dc current

A

electron flow is always same direction (negative to positive). capacitor plates are charged by a battery and the flow of current is only momentary.

62
Q

macroshock

A

large amount of current flow through a person ex) 1 milliampere

63
Q

microshock

A

small amount of current flow through a person ex) defibrillator 100microamperes or .1milliamperes

64
Q

unipolar bovi

A

current returns to unit via dispersive pad

65
Q

bipolar bovi

A

two electrodes that look like forceps. active electrode, collecting electrode. less energy than unipolar.

66
Q

dispersive plate

A

must cover large area so current density is below a level that will cause burns

67
Q

ESU and interference

A

use of unipolar ESU can cause electrical interference that may be interpreted as an arrhythmia and trigger a defibrillation. defibrillation pulse would likely cause tvtach or vfib. AICD should be disables prior to surgery by placing a magnet over it. external defibrillator and non invasive pacer should be in the OR. radio frequency waves interfere with everything from ECG signal pulse and cerebral oximeters, CO computers, implanted pacers

68
Q

electromagnetic:

A

expresses dual natural of electricity and magnetism. where there is electric current there are also magnetic waves. where there are changing magnetic waves there is an electric current

69
Q

electromagnetic current as a particle

A

(bundle of pure energy with no mass). Quanta are packets of energy known as photons. Characterized by energy of the photon. Energy greater for photons of higher frequency.

70
Q

Wave Particle Duality Theory

A

EMR travels as photons of energy and can be thought of as a particle and a wave depending on how it is observed and measured.

71
Q

wave frequency

A

more frequent means more energy. the longer the wavelength, the shorter the frequency, the less strong the energy, the more safe it is. wavelength=1/frequency

72
Q

inverse square law

A

1/d^2 where the energy propagation is inversely proportional to the distance.

73
Q

ionizing radiation

A

beta, gamma, xrays- can cause changes in biological molecules. can cause birth defects and cancer.

74
Q

nuclear decay

A

produces radiation. when atom has too many or too few neutrons in nucleus, it will have tendency to spontaneously rearrange itself into a new combination which is more stable

75
Q

beta wave

A

still ionizing but less energy than alpha and gamma. travels a few meters before being absorbed, can go through hand. shield with radiation absorbing material

76
Q

alpha

A

when 2 protons and 2 neutrons are ejected as 1 particle. heavy and slow, travels only a few centimeters before expansion. for this reason, does not travel to hand. just make sure you’re >6.5ft away

77
Q

gamma

A

when nucleus is in excited state it can emit a photon (packet of energy). Number of protons and neutrons are not altered but nucleus moves from higher energy to lowest energy state. Protect yourself with a shield. wear lead, can travel long distances and penetrate 1 meter of concrete

78
Q

3 factors of radiation safety

A

distance from the source
barriers (shielding)
exposure time

79
Q

LASER distinctions

A

energy of laser photons is insufficient for the production of ions

  • cannot produce genetic mutations
  • increasing power density of laser energy produces more heat but does not ionize water and poses no threat to cellular DNA
80
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A
  • sufficient energy for separation of water molecules into positive and negative ions.
  • greater quantity of xrays of gamma rays=greater ionization produced
  • presence of ions and free radicals they produce in cells can cause genetic mutation of DNA within cell nucleus
  • as bundle of photon increases, so does penetration of radiation
81
Q

3 properties of lasers

A

monochromatic (one wavelength, emits one color), coherent (synchronous), and collimated (focused into a narrow beam)

82
Q

lasers are used for

A

coagulation, cutting, vaporization

83
Q

photochemical damage of lasers

A

UV (<400) and visible wavelengths (<500nm): photon absorption excites molecules, which may react to form unwanted chemical products, causing erythema and vesiculation (ex sunburn). Causes energy and heat

84
Q

thermal damage of lasers

A

occurs at all wavelengths, tissue is heated by absorption of llaser energy, thermal effects depend on rate of energy absorption to dissipation

85
Q

patient risks with lasers

A
  • airway fire
  • bleeding
  • pneumothorax
  • misdirected laser reflection from ETT surface
  • cuff failure from laser penetration

Chem/Physics 927 (5 decks)

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