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Geology 100 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is relative age as to geologic dating ?

A

The order of formation.

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2
Q

What is numerical age as to geologic dating ?

A

The actual number of years since an event.

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3
Q

What is the principle of original horizontality ?

A

layers form flat. Tilting occurs after deposition.

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4
Q

What is the principle of lateral continuity ?

A

Layers form in continuous sheets and to exist before erosion took place.

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5
Q

What is the principle of super position ?

A

younger strata are above and older strata are below.

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6
Q

What is the principle of cross cutting relations ?

A

When younger features cross over older features.

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7
Q

What is the principle of inclusions ?

A

inclusions are always older than the enclosing material.

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8
Q

What is a nonconformity ?

A

A time gap in the time record. Sedimentary rock is placed over igneous or metamorphic rock.

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9
Q

What is an angular nonconformity ?

A

Layers of different orientations.

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10
Q

What is numerical dating also known as ?

A

Geo-chronology

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11
Q

What is Absolute Dating ?

A

Based on radioactive decay of atoms in minerals.

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12
Q

What is Half-Life ?

A

The time it takes for half of the unstable nuclei to die.

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13
Q

What is a fault ?

A

A fracture in the crust on which a movement has occurred.

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14
Q

Where is the focus of an earthquake ?

A

The location where movement begins to fault underground.

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15
Q

Where is the epicenter of an earthquake ?

A

The location on the surface above the focus.

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16
Q

T/F: The San Andreas fault is a strike slip fault.

A

T

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17
Q

What is Seismology ?

A

The study of earthquake waves.

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18
Q

What are Primary Waves (P-Waves) ?

A

The very first to arrive at a seismograph station.

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19
Q

What are secondary waves (S-Waves) ?

A

These arrive between the P and Surface waves.

20
Q

What are surface waves ?

A

The slowest but make up the most earthquake damage.

21
Q

T/F: Time lag decreases with distance during an earthquake.

A

False; Time lag increases.

22
Q

What is triangulation ?

A

A way of finding the epicenter of an earthquake by locating data from 3 places.

23
Q

What is a Richter scale ?

A

an earthquake magnitude scale that measures the height of seismic waves.

24
Q

What is liquidification ?

A

Materials saturated in water turn to a mobile fluid when shaken.

25
Q

What is a glacier ?

A

A thick mass of ice that move due to gravity.

26
Q

What is a mountain glacier ?

A

A glacier that moves from high to low elevation in mountain settings.

27
Q

What is a continental glacier ?

A

Large glaciers that cover vast areas like Greenland or the Antarctic.

28
Q

What is plucking ?

A

When ice from bedrock breaks and removes bedrock fragments.

29
Q

What is glacial abrasion ?

A

A sandpaper-like effect on substrate.

30
Q

What is glacial sediment transport ?

A

when glaciers at as a large scale conveyor belt or bulldozer.

31
Q

what are some ways that the melting of glaciers can impact CA ?

A

Loss of shoreline and increased housing command.

32
Q

What is the primary control on deserts ?

A

Plate tectonics

33
Q

T/F: Extreme dryness can be hot or cold.

A

True

34
Q

What is rain shadow deserts ?

A

Moist ocean winds are driven up and over mountains.

35
Q

What is Desertification ?

A

Aridification/sudden dryness of non-desert areas.

36
Q

Where does stream flow begin ?

A

As runoff in mountains.

37
Q

What is a drainage basin ?

A

An area drained by a stream.

38
Q

What is the continental divide ?

A

a divide that separates the two main drainage basins West and East.

39
Q

What is base level ?

A

The lowest point to which a stream can erode (Oceans).

40
Q

What is a waterfall ?

A

created when a resistant cap rock easily erodes layers underneath.

41
Q

T/F: IN the mountains, river eroded valleys are U-Shaped.

A

False. Valleys are V-shaped.

42
Q

What is a long shore current ?

A

Material that moves laterally as beach drift.

43
Q

What is an emergent coast ?

A

A transition between sea level and mountain which is long in distance and unbroken.

44
Q

What is a submergent coast ?

A

Relative sea level rise caused by deglaciacion and tectonic subsidence.

45
Q

What are some coastal resources ?

A

Power production, Fish farming, Desalination.

Geology 100 (3 decks)

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