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Geology 100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an igneous rock ?

A

A rock that forms when hot, molten rock freezes or solidifies.

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2
Q

What are the 2 different categories of igneous rock ?

A

1 Chemical composition

2 Environment of emplacement

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3
Q

Is lava above or below the earths crust ?

A

Above

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4
Q

Is magma above or below earths crust ?

A

Below

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5
Q

Why is it hot inside earths core ?

A
  • Heat from accretion
  • compression
  • radioactive decay
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6
Q

T/F: Earth will eventually solidify.

A

True

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7
Q

What causes Melt/Magma to form ?

A
  • pressure release
  • volatile addition
  • Heat Transfer
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8
Q

Why does Magma rise through the crust ?

A
  • Magma is more buoyant and less dense than the surrounding rock.
  • The weight of surrounding rock creates pressure that squeezes the magma upward.
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9
Q

T/F: Felsic Magma is low in Silica content ?

A

False; Felsic magma has a very high percentage of silica w/ a very low density and temperature.

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10
Q

T/F: Mafic Magma is High in Silica content ?

A

False; Mafic magma has a very low silica percentage w/ high density and high temperature.

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11
Q

What is Magma evolution ?

A

A change in the composition of a Magma body.

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12
Q

What is differentiation ?

A

When minerals settle out at different temperatures.

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13
Q

What is the Bowen’s reaction ?

A

A series in which different minerals crystallize out of melt.

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14
Q

What is fractal crystallization ?

A

This allows for different rock compositions like Felsic or Mafic to form.

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15
Q

What is an plutonic/intrusive igneous environment ?

A

Cool at depth and loses heat slowly. Large crystals have time to grow.

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16
Q

What is a volcanic/extrusive environment ?

A

Cool at or near the surface. Cools rapidly w/ small crystals.

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17
Q

What is texture as to rock ?

A

The size, shape and arrangement of minerals.

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18
Q

What is an Aphaneritic mineral ?

A

A rock w/ fine grained crystal sizes.

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19
Q

What is a phaneritic mineral ?

A

A rock w/ coarse grained crystals.

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20
Q

What is a Dike ?

A

A Tabular intrusion that cuts across a preexisting layering. (Visible)

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21
Q

What is a Sill ?

A

A tabular intrusion that is injected parallel to layering. (Non visible)

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22
Q

What is a pluton ?

A

Large blond of magma that cool deep underground.

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23
Q

What is a Batholith ?

A

A large amount of magma.

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24
Q

What is a Laccolith ?

A

A small amount of magma.

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25
Q

What is a volcano ?

A

An erupting vent through which molten rock surfaces.

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26
Q

What is a product of volcanic eruption ?

A
  • lava flow
  • pyroclastic debris
  • volcanic gasses
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27
Q

What is dependent on the rate of flow when a volcano erupts ?

A

Viscosity

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28
Q

What is a pillow basalt ?

A

A round blob of basaltic rock that cools in water.

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29
Q

What is a basaltic eruption ?

A

A release of gasses that eject clots or drops of molten magma.

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30
Q

What is volcanic gas ?

A

Magma exposition that controls it’s gas content.

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31
Q

What is an active volcanoes character ?

A

A volcano that is erupting, recently erupted or likely to erupt.

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32
Q

What is a Dormant volcanoes character ?

A

A volcano that hasn’t erupted in hundreds or thousands of years.

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33
Q

What is an extinct volcanoes character ?

A

The volcanoes is no longer active and will not erupt.

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34
Q

What are the 3 types of volcanoes ?

A
  • Shield Volcanoes
  • Cinder/Scoria Cone Volcanoes
  • Strato/Super Volcanoes
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35
Q

Yellowstone national park is an example of what type of volcanoes ?

A

Super/Strato Volcanoes

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36
Q

What is a Lava Dome Volcanoe ?

A

A slow moving eruption that cools in a dome shape. Likely not a tall volcano.

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37
Q

What is a caldera volcanoe ?

A

Likely from a high pressure blast, the Calderon is in the middle of the volcanoes indentation.

38
Q

What are the 5 types of eruptions ?

A
  • Fissure
  • Hawaiian
  • Strombolian
  • Volcanian
  • Plinian
39
Q

What is Pyroclastic flow ?

A

A mix of solid or semi-Solid fragments and hot, expanding gasses that flow down the flank of a volcanic endifice.

40
Q

T/F: Plinian/Puroclastic flow is the most deadly because of it’s hurricane like speeds.

A

True.

41
Q

Sedimentary rock is made from what ?

A

Weathering and sediment.

42
Q

What is Weathering?

A

The breakdown of rock exposed at earths surface.

43
Q

What is sediment ?

A

Loose fragments of rock, crystal or shell.

44
Q

What are the 2 types of sedimentary rock ?

A

Chemical and physical

45
Q

What is exfoliation of rock?

A

When erosion strips away the rock, the expansion generates parallel fracture and forms a dome.

46
Q

What is frost wedging ?

A

The freezing of water in cracks/voids that expand the rock by 9% in volume.

47
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Chemical breakdown of rock by removing or adding elements. Water to these elements may create a reaction.

48
Q

What is oxidation ?

A

When a metal in rock has a chemical reaction with oxygen.

49
Q

What is spheroidal weathering ?

A

When water travels along fractures from the outside in and carves pathways in rock.

50
Q

What are the classes of sedimentary rock ?

A
  • Clastic
  • Organic
  • Biochemical
  • Chemical
51
Q

What is the Clastic classification of rock ?

A

When loose rock fragments are cemented together.

52
Q

What is the Biochemical classification of rock ?

A

Cemented shells and organisms in rock.

53
Q

What is the Organic classification of rock ?

A

Rock with carbon-rich remains of once living organisms.

54
Q

What is the Chemical classification of rock?

A

Rocks or minerals that crystallize directly from water.

55
Q

When the transport distance of a rock increases, what decreases ?

A

Grain size

56
Q

What is angularity ?

A

When grain roundness increases with transport.

57
Q

What’s an example of rock sorting?

A

When sorting increases the rocks as a group become smaller and more spherical in angularity.

58
Q

When classifying Clastic sedimentary rock, this provides clues about what ?

A

The source area and depositional environment.

59
Q

What are fine particles of sedimentary rock ?

A

The most common located in lake, lagoon or deep ocean.

60
Q

What are medium particles of sedimentary rock ?

A

Most commonly quartz in beach, dune or river with moderate energy.

61
Q

What are large particles of sedimentary rock ?

A

Cobble are rounded during transport and are located in beach, river or glacier.

62
Q

What element is found in water-rich Marine water ?

A

Limestone (CaCO3)

63
Q

What is Biochemical chert ?

A

Rock made from crypto-crystalline quartz and some opaline silica skeletons from plankton.

64
Q

T/F: Is replacement chert Non-Biogenic ?

A

True.

65
Q

What is agate ?

A

Rings inside a tree that show it’s age.

66
Q

What is bedding and stratification ?

A

Visible/individual layers of sedimentary rock.

67
Q

What is a crossbed ?

A

A cross between a ripple (small) and a dune (large).

68
Q

What is water level transgression ?

A

Water level rise.

69
Q

What is water level regression ?

A

Water level fall.

70
Q

What is a depositional environment ?

A

Locations where sediment accumulates that may differ in energy regime, sediment delivery and characteristic.

71
Q

T/F: Environments range from terrestrial to marine and back to terrestrial.

A

True.

72
Q

T/F: The plinian style of eruption is a passive one.

A

False.

73
Q

What is a metamorphic rock ?

A

solid state recrystalization of a protolith.

74
Q

What is a protolith ?

A

pre existing rock.

75
Q

What do metamporphic rocks change ?

A

mineralogy and texture.

76
Q

What do metamorphic rocks create ?

A

Foliation and phase change.

77
Q

T/F; Pressure decreases in depth in the crust.

A

False. Pressure increases.

78
Q

What is normal stress ?

A

When force is applied perpendicular to the surface.

79
Q

What is shear stress ?

A

When one part of the mineral is moved sideways.

80
Q

What is a defoliated Rock texture ?

A

When crystals are fused and interlocked with no specific pattern. (Granular)

81
Q

What is a foliated Rock texture ?

A

There is an alignment of minerals due to pressure.

82
Q

What is the lowest form of metamorphism ?

A

Slate.

83
Q

What is the highest form of metamorphism ?

A

Gneiss.

84
Q

What is contact/thermal metamorphism ?

A

Due to heat from magma invading host rock without pressure.

85
Q

What is regional metamorphism ?

A

Tectonic collisions that create large amounts of foliated rock with heat and pressure.

86
Q

What is Orogenesis ?

A

The regeneration of mountains by applying force to rock causing a deformation.

87
Q

What is structural geology ?

A

The study of rock deformation.

88
Q

What is a ductile structure ?

A

When rocks deform by flowing or folding.

89
Q

What is geological joint ?

A

A fracture with no offset.

90
Q

What is an anticline ?

A

An arch fold.

91
Q

What is a sincline ?

A

A U-shaped fold.

92
Q

T/F: Orogenesis creates all 3 types of rock ?

A

True.

Geology 100 (3 decks)

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