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Geology 100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is geology ?

A

The study of the earth including our planets composition, behavior and history. The study of the world around you.

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2
Q

What does the simplified scientific method look like ?

A

1.Observation 2.Theory 3.testing

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3
Q

What is a Theory ?

A

A scientific idea supported by an abundance of evidence that has passed many tests and failed none.

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4
Q

What is a fact ?

A

An observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and for all practical purposes is excepted as true.

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5
Q

What is the geocentric model ?

A

Developed thousands of years ago by Greek philosophers and was the accepted model of the solar system for centuries. (Everything revolves around earth.)

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6
Q

What did James Hutton do to contribute to geology ?

A
  • He developed the principle of unifomitarianism where the present is key to the past.
  • A plutonist
  • helped to create the existing classification of rocks.
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7
Q

What did Alfred Wegener do to contribute to geology ?

A
  • He developed the theory of continental drift, the theory that all tectonic plates fit together.
  • He also just suggested the concept of a supercontinent Pangaea.
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8
Q

T/F: Earth is classified as a planet orbiting a star on the arm of a galaxy.

A

True

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9
Q

T/F: Light Years are determined by lights path in 1 years time.

A

False. Light years measure distance not time.

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10
Q

What is the name of the closest galaxy that is 2.2M Light years away ?

A

Andromeda Galaxy

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11
Q

What is the Doppler effect ?

A

Apparent change in frequency due to the relative motion of a sound or light source.

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12
Q

What is Red shift ?

A

Star light color that moves away.

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13
Q

What is Blue light shift ?

A

Star light color that moves towards

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14
Q

Light from most galaxies are observed to be red shifted as recognized by what philosopher ?

A

Edwin Hubble.

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15
Q

What is the Big Bang ?

A

Mass and energy at a single point that exploded in space 13.7 Billion years ago and is still expanding.

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16
Q

Before the Big Bang what 2 elements were present only ?

A

Hydrogen and helium.

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17
Q

With expansion and cooling after the Big Bang, atoms began to _____.

A

… Began to bond.

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18
Q

What are the classes of (lightest) elements in atomic #’s 1-6 called ?

A

The Big Bang nucleosynthesis

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19
Q

What are the classes of elements in atomic #’s 6-26 called ?

A

Stellar nucleosynthesis

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20
Q

What are the classes of (heaviest) elements in atomic # 26+ called ?

A

Super novae

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21
Q

What mix of elements are found on earth ?

A
  • Primordial gas from the Big Bang

- fragments of exploded stars

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22
Q

How many light years does the Milky Way galaxy span ?

A

100,000 light years.

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23
Q

How many miles are equal to 1 light year ?

A

5940 Billion miles

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24
Q

What things classify an item as a planet ?

A
  • are in orbit around the sun
  • Has enough gravity to be in a round shape
  • clears it’s path around the sun.
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25
Q

What year was Pluto reclassified and why?

A

2006 because it was Two small compared to other planets and other large planets beyond Neptune were larger than Pluto.
Pluto hasn’t fully collected around its orbit.

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26
Q

What is a Terrestrial planet ?

A

Composed of rock with an iron nickel core mantle and crust

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27
Q

What is a Jovian planet?

A

They have thick atmosphere overlying deep oceans of liquid gas.
They have many moons and a ring system.

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28
Q

How was the moon formed?

A

A Mars-sized planetoid collided with earth. Debris from the planet condense and orbit earth to create the moon.

29
Q

Light from most galaxies appear to be _______ shifted.

A

Red shifted. (Moving away)

30
Q

What element fuels the stars, atoms and molecules that coalesced into gaseous nebulae after the Big Bang ?

A

Hydrogen to H2 .

31
Q

The crust and mantle are made up of what compound?

A

Oxygen

32
Q

The outer and inner core are made up of what compound?

A

Iron

33
Q

T/F: The inner most core of earth is solid.

A

True.

34
Q

The Crust and Mantle are made up of what state of matter ? (Solid, Liquid, gas, plasma)

A

Crust- Solid

Mantle- “Solid ish”

35
Q

The outer core is made of of what state of matter? (Solid, liquid, gas, plasma)

A

Liquid.

36
Q

What is Slab Push?

A

From small cracks in the earths crust the mantle sleeps through as lava and cools continuously regenerating.

37
Q

What is Slab Pull/Drag ?

A

Occurring in subduction zones, the slab is pulled into the mantle and recycled.

38
Q

What is the lithosphere ?

A

The uppermost mantle/crust.

39
Q

What is the asthenosphere ?

A

A mobile “plastic” layer that allows the lithosphere to move around.

40
Q

The continental crust is made up of what rock type ?

A

Granite.

41
Q

The oceanic crust is made up of what rock type ?

A

Basalt.

42
Q

The average rate of plate motion is ______ cm/year.

A

5 cm p/ year.

43
Q

What are the 3 types of earthquakes ?

A

Divergent
Convergent
Transform

44
Q

What movement does a Divergent earthquake do ?

A

Plates move away from earth other/ spread apart.

45
Q

What movement does a Convergent earthquake do ?

A

Plates collide together. (Mountains)

46
Q

What movement does a Transform earthquake do ?

A

Plates slide past each other.

47
Q

T/F: Passive boundaries are still active.

A

False. Passive boundaries are no longer active.

48
Q

T/F: The older, colder and denser plate will always subduct.

A

True.

49
Q

Why do oceanic plates alway subduct ?

A

Because oceanic plates subduct because of it’s higher density.

50
Q

Ocean plates are rarely older than _____ years old.

A

150 million years old.

51
Q

The oldest oceanic plate is called the …?

A

Pacific “Ring of Fire.”

52
Q

T/F: Hotspots are controlled by plate boundaries.

A

False. Like Hawaii the plate moves while a mantle ploom in the same spot reins to create the chain of islands.

53
Q

Diamond and Graphite have the same composition but different crystal structures called …?

A

Polymorph.

54
Q

What are the most common mineral class ?

A

Silicates.

55
Q

What is a mineral ?

A

A Naturally occurring, non organic Solid w/ an orderly arrangement of atoms.

56
Q

What is the Streak test for minerals ?

A

The color of the powder by crushing or scraping a mineral.

57
Q

What is the Luster test for a mineral ?

A

The way a mineral scatters/reflects light which can be metallic or non-metallic.

58
Q

What is the Hardness test for a mineral ?

A

The resistance to a physical scratch by another use of force. (The Moh’s scale is used.)

59
Q

What is cleavage for minerals ?

A

When minerals break along flat planes. (The layers of a rock are visible.)

60
Q

What is a fracture in a mineral ?

A

When a mineral breaks in reflection to atomic bonding.

61
Q

What is the specific gravity test for a mineral ?

A

This tests for the density of a mineral.

62
Q

What is the rock cycle?

A

The rock cycle explains how rocks and natural processes are related.

63
Q

What are the 3 stages called in the rock cycle?

A

Igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic rock

64
Q

What is a rock?

A

A naturally occurring , cohesive aggregate of minerals or glass.

65
Q

What is Neptunism ?

A

“Water made”.

The idea that all rocks were originated from being precipitated from the universal sea.

66
Q

What is Plutonism?

A

“Melt made”

The idea that melted rock (Lava) can be spilled onto the surface to create new land.

67
Q

What is Igneous Rock?

A

“of fire”

cooled magma/lava that has solidified.

68
Q

What is Sedimentary rock?

A

“Mud”

Forms by the cementing of fragments of pre-existing rock or precipitation of rock out of water or air.

69
Q

What is Metamorphic Rock?

A

“A new kind of rock”

Forms when pre-existing rock changes into a new rock due to heat and pressure but does not melt.

Geology 100 (3 decks)

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