Final Exam Flashcards
of chemical letters in Human Genome?
3 Bilion
About half of all knowing species are?
Insects
Taxonomy?
names and classifies species
How does taxonomy assist biologist?
by categorizing diverse items into smaller and smaller number of groups
Which domain(s) consist(s) of prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and Archaea
Which kingdom of Eukarya consists primarily of unicellular organisms?
Protista
Element? Example
A substance that cannot be broken down
What are the four most common elements in living organisms?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Trace Elements? Example
required small amounts and essential for life (14)
Flourine, Iron Ect.
Characteristics of atoms of the same element?
Molecule not a compound
Where are Protons, Neutrons and Electrons located?
Protons and Neutrons=Nucleus
Electrons= cloud orbiting nucleus
Atomic Mass?
Amount of material in an object
= Protons + Neutrons
Characteristics of an Atom w/ more Protons than Electrons
A positive Ion
Cation
Surface Tension? Example
The cause of Hydrogen bonds.
the measure of how dificult it is to stretch/break surface of liquid
Water has strong resistance to temp change.
Evaporation Cooling? Example
When a substance evaporates and surface liquid remaining behind cools down
Sweat
Characteristics of Water as it freezes
Water molecules are moved apart, stable hydrogen bonds
Solution, Solute, Solvent? Ex
Solution: homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances (water and sugar)
Solute: dissolving substance (sugar)
Solvent: dissolving agent (water)
Hydrophilic Substances?
“water loving”
adhering water to their surface
Hydrophobic Substances?
“water haters”
unable to mix with water
Types of Lipids?
Fats:Unsaturated and Saturated
Steroids:Cholesterol
Oils
Saturated Fats?
Usually solid, has max # of hydrogens (“Saturated” with Hydrogen)
Unsaturated Fats?
Usually liquid, has fewer # of Hydrogen which makes double bonds
Triglyceride?
Lipid
one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Dehydration Reaction?
Links two monomers together, and water is given off
What is Chromatin?
Combination of DNA and Protein
In which detoxifying organ would you expect to find a large amount of Smooth ER?
Liver
Organelle that manufactures the components of ribosomes?
Nucleolus
Function of Lysosome?
Intracellular Digestion
Function of Golgi Apparatus?
*Protein Modification
Receive, Refine Protein and Ships
Tay-Sachs disease results from ___?
Lacking of Lysosomes
What is Enzyme’s function dependent on?
Three-dimensional Shape
Osmosis
Diffusion of Water
If given a group of words, how would you recognize the enzyme?
–ase ending
Lactose>Lactase
Definition & Characteristics of diffusion?
Example
Movment of molecules spread evenly into available space
proceeds until equilibrium is reached
Ex: Passive Transport
Effects of Hypertonic, Isotonicm and Hypotonic Solution on plant and animal cells?
Hypotonic is when there is a lower concentration of solute & higher concentration of water.
Plant:Turgid
Animal:Lysing
Hypertonic is when there is a higher concentration of solute & lower concentration of water.
Plantn& Animal:Shriveled
Isotonic is when there is an equal concentration of solute & water.
Plant:Flaccid (wilts)
Animal: Normal
Active Transport
Cell expend energy to move molecules across membrane
Need energy and transport protein
From Low concentration to High concentration
Uses ATP
Equation of Cellular Respiration
Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water+ Energy
Redox Reactions
Electrons are lost (oxidation) from one substance and added/gain (reduction) to another substance
cellular respiration: glucose oxidized
Oxygen reduced
3 Electron acceptors & where they can be found
1st= NAD+ found at top
2nd=?
Final= Oxygen at bottom
What reactions take place during glycolysis?
C6 glucose molecule is split in half to form pyruvic acid
donate high energy electrons to NAD+=NADH
Product(s) of Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid
Where in the cell does glycolysis, citric acid, and electron transport chain occur?
G: Cytosol
CA: Mitochondria
ET: Mitochondria
of ATP’s produce during glycolysis, citric acid and electron transport chain from one molecule of glucose
G:2 molecules of ATP
CA: 2 molecules of ATP
ET: 32-34 molecules of ATP
Total 36-38 molecules of ATP
NADHs produce during glycolysism citric acid cycle
G: 2
CA:1
of ATPs produced during aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration
Aeronbic:38
Anaerobic: 2
Products of fermentation in human muscle cells and microorganisms
Human Muscle: Lactic Acid
Microorganism: Alcohol
Grana
stacks of membranous sacs, thylacoids
Equation of Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
In Photosynthesis Redox Reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ____ to ____?
H2O……CO2
Light reaction of Photosynthesis converts ____ energy to _____ energy?
Solar to Chemical
Electron carriers of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration?
P=NADP+
CR= NAD+
Calvin Cycle requires ____ & ____ from the light-dependant reactions
ATP and NADPH
Cell Cycle
Interphase
-G1, S Phase, G2
Mitotic phase
-Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Mitosis and Meiosis
P1:Homo cross over M1:Homo line up A1:Homo pair separate T1: 2 cells with sister chromo Prophase:chromosome condensed Metaphase:Chromosomes line up Anaphase: sister chro. split up Telophase:chromo uncoil, cyto, 2 daughter cells
Homologous Chromosome
Matching pairs, carry same gene sequence; same size, shape, color
Sex Chromosomes of human male and female?
22 autosomes and XX for female; XY for male= 23
Autosomes
all chromosome in humans exempt sex; 44 or 22 pairs
Somatic Cell
all body cells except gametes; 46 chromosomes
Which of the following can be determined by karyotype?
Sex, Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, polyploidy
Karyotype
display of all chromosomes (homologous pairs)
Haploid and Diploid Cells
Haploid= one set of chromosomes; gametes; 23
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes; 2n; 46
Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses
M:cross between purebred parents; 1 characteristic
D:crossing using 2 characteristics
True breeding
self fertilized
Law of Segregation
each pair of alleles separate/segregate independently during the production of gametes
Dominant Allele
determine’s organisms appearance (TT = Tall)
Recessive allele
no noticeable effect on organism’s appearance (Tt=Tall with short trait)
Homozygous
both alleles are identical (PP or pp)
Heterozygous
alleles are different (Pp)
Monomers of DNA and RNA?
Nucleotides
Backbone of DNA consist of?
a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern
DNA double helix is?
made up of two polynucleotide strands
Bases of DNA and RNA
DNA: A, G, T, C
RNA: A, G, U, C
If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?
30%
In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______.
thymine . . . cytosine
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______.
X-ray crystallography studies
What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?
hydrogen bonds
During replication, ______ are the enzymes responsible for joining the nucleotides of a new DNA strand together.
DNA polymerases
The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatum’s hypothesis about relationships between genes and their products is “one gene-one ______.”
polypeptide
What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism?
phenotype
Reproductive cloning
replacing nucleus of an egg cell with nucleus of and adult somatic cell, results in birth of new animal.
Proto-oncogene
normal gene with potential to become genes that cause cancer
Nuclear transplant
replacing nucleus of an egg cell w/ nucleus from different cell from different adult body
Embryonic stem cell
from blastocysts lead to all specialized cells in body; can be put in particular culture and generate different parts of body
Adult stem cell
cells in adult tissue and replace some of body’s cells (can use for medicine)
Regeneration
regrowth of lost body parts (lizard tail)
Oncogene
genes that cause cancer
Therapeutic cloning
to produce embryonic stem cells
You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association
You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis.
The world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______.
Humulin
Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______.
bacteria
Sticky ends” are produced as a result
When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ______.
Desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium.
The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is called ______.
Gene cloning
