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Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

of chemical letters in Human Genome?

A

3 Bilion

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2
Q

About half of all knowing species are?

A

Insects

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3
Q

Taxonomy?

A

names and classifies species

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4
Q

How does taxonomy assist biologist?

A

by categorizing diverse items into smaller and smaller number of groups

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5
Q

Which domain(s) consist(s) of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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6
Q

Which kingdom of Eukarya consists primarily of unicellular organisms?

A

Protista

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7
Q

Element? Example

A

A substance that cannot be broken down

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8
Q

What are the four most common elements in living organisms?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

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9
Q

Trace Elements? Example

A

required small amounts and essential for life (14)

Flourine, Iron Ect.

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10
Q

Characteristics of atoms of the same element?

A

Molecule not a compound

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11
Q

Where are Protons, Neutrons and Electrons located?

A

Protons and Neutrons=Nucleus

Electrons= cloud orbiting nucleus

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12
Q

Atomic Mass?

A

Amount of material in an object

= Protons + Neutrons

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13
Q

Characteristics of an Atom w/ more Protons than Electrons

A

A positive Ion

Cation

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14
Q

Surface Tension? Example

A

The cause of Hydrogen bonds.
the measure of how dificult it is to stretch/break surface of liquid
Water has strong resistance to temp change.

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15
Q

Evaporation Cooling? Example

A

When a substance evaporates and surface liquid remaining behind cools down
Sweat

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16
Q

Characteristics of Water as it freezes

A

Water molecules are moved apart, stable hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Solution, Solute, Solvent? Ex

A

Solution: homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances (water and sugar)
Solute: dissolving substance (sugar)
Solvent: dissolving agent (water)

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18
Q

Hydrophilic Substances?

A

“water loving”

adhering water to their surface

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19
Q

Hydrophobic Substances?

A

“water haters”

unable to mix with water

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20
Q

Types of Lipids?

A

Fats:Unsaturated and Saturated
Steroids:Cholesterol
Oils

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21
Q

Saturated Fats?

A

Usually solid, has max # of hydrogens (“Saturated” with Hydrogen)

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22
Q

Unsaturated Fats?

A

Usually liquid, has fewer # of Hydrogen which makes double bonds

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23
Q

Triglyceride?

A

Lipid

one glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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24
Q

Dehydration Reaction?

A

Links two monomers together, and water is given off

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25
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

Combination of DNA and Protein

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26
Q

In which detoxifying organ would you expect to find a large amount of Smooth ER?

A

Liver

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27
Q

Organelle that manufactures the components of ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

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28
Q

Function of Lysosome?

A

Intracellular Digestion

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29
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus?

A

*Protein Modification

Receive, Refine Protein and Ships

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30
Q

Tay-Sachs disease results from ___?

A

Lacking of Lysosomes

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31
Q

What is Enzyme’s function dependent on?

A

Three-dimensional Shape

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32
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of Water

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33
Q

If given a group of words, how would you recognize the enzyme?

A

–ase ending

Lactose>Lactase

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34
Q

Definition & Characteristics of diffusion?

Example

A

Movment of molecules spread evenly into available space
proceeds until equilibrium is reached
Ex: Passive Transport

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35
Q

Effects of Hypertonic, Isotonicm and Hypotonic Solution on plant and animal cells?

A

Hypotonic is when there is a lower concentration of solute & higher concentration of water.
Plant:Turgid
Animal:Lysing
Hypertonic is when there is a higher concentration of solute & lower concentration of water.
Plantn& Animal:Shriveled
Isotonic is when there is an equal concentration of solute & water.
Plant:Flaccid (wilts)
Animal: Normal

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36
Q

Active Transport

A

Cell expend energy to move molecules across membrane
Need energy and transport protein
From Low concentration to High concentration
Uses ATP

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37
Q

Equation of Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen > Carbon Dioxide + Water+ Energy

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38
Q

Redox Reactions

A

Electrons are lost (oxidation) from one substance and added/gain (reduction) to another substance
cellular respiration: glucose oxidized
Oxygen reduced

39
Q

3 Electron acceptors & where they can be found

A

1st= NAD+ found at top
2nd=?
Final= Oxygen at bottom

40
Q

What reactions take place during glycolysis?

A

C6 glucose molecule is split in half to form pyruvic acid

donate high energy electrons to NAD+=NADH

41
Q

Product(s) of Glycolysis

A

Pyruvic Acid

42
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis, citric acid, and electron transport chain occur?

A

G: Cytosol
CA: Mitochondria
ET: Mitochondria

43
Q

of ATP’s produce during glycolysis, citric acid and electron transport chain from one molecule of glucose

A

G:2 molecules of ATP
CA: 2 molecules of ATP
ET: 32-34 molecules of ATP
Total 36-38 molecules of ATP

44
Q

NADHs produce during glycolysism citric acid cycle

A

G: 2
CA:1

45
Q

of ATPs produced during aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Aeronbic:38
Anaerobic: 2

46
Q

Products of fermentation in human muscle cells and microorganisms

A

Human Muscle: Lactic Acid

Microorganism: Alcohol

47
Q

Grana

A

stacks of membranous sacs, thylacoids

48
Q

Equation of Photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

49
Q

In Photosynthesis Redox Reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ____ to ____?

A

H2O……CO2

50
Q

Light reaction of Photosynthesis converts ____ energy to _____ energy?

A

Solar to Chemical

51
Q

Electron carriers of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration?

A

P=NADP+

CR= NAD+

52
Q

Calvin Cycle requires ____ & ____ from the light-dependant reactions

A

ATP and NADPH

53
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Interphase
-G1, S Phase, G2
Mitotic phase
-Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

54
Q

Mitosis and Meiosis

A 
P1:Homo cross over
M1:Homo line up
A1:Homo pair separate
T1: 2 cells with sister chromo
Prophase:chromosome condensed
Metaphase:Chromosomes line up
Anaphase: sister chro. split up
Telophase:chromo uncoil, cyto, 2 daughter cells
55
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

Matching pairs, carry same gene sequence; same size, shape, color

56
Q

Sex Chromosomes of human male and female?

A

22 autosomes and XX for female; XY for male= 23

57
Q

Autosomes

A

all chromosome in humans exempt sex; 44 or 22 pairs

58
Q

Somatic Cell

A

all body cells except gametes; 46 chromosomes

59
Q

Which of the following can be determined by karyotype?

A

Sex, Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, polyploidy

60
Q

Karyotype

A

display of all chromosomes (homologous pairs)

61
Q

Haploid and Diploid Cells

A

Haploid= one set of chromosomes; gametes; 23

Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes; 2n; 46

62
Q

Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses

A

M:cross between purebred parents; 1 characteristic
D:crossing using 2 characteristics

63
Q

True breeding

A

self fertilized

64
Q

Law of Segregation

A

each pair of alleles separate/segregate independently during the production of gametes

65
Q

Dominant Allele

A

determine’s organisms appearance (TT = Tall)

66
Q

Recessive allele

A

no noticeable effect on organism’s appearance (Tt=Tall with short trait)

67
Q

Homozygous

A

both alleles are identical (PP or pp)

68
Q

Heterozygous

A

alleles are different (Pp)

69
Q

Monomers of DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleotides

70
Q

Backbone of DNA consist of?

A

a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

71
Q

DNA double helix is?

A

made up of two polynucleotide strands

72
Q

Bases of DNA and RNA

A

DNA: A, G, T, C
RNA: A, G, U, C

73
Q

If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?

A

30%

74
Q

In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______.

A

thymine . . . cytosine

75
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

76
Q

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______.

A

X-ray crystallography studies

77
Q

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?

A

hydrogen bonds

78
Q

During replication, ______ are the enzymes responsible for joining the nucleotides of a new DNA strand together.

A

DNA polymerases

79
Q

The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatum’s hypothesis about relationships between genes and their products is “one gene-one ______.”

A

polypeptide

80
Q

What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism?

A

phenotype

81
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

replacing nucleus of an egg cell with nucleus of and adult somatic cell, results in birth of new animal.

82
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

normal gene with potential to become genes that cause cancer

83
Q

Nuclear transplant

A

replacing nucleus of an egg cell w/ nucleus from different cell from different adult body

84
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

from blastocysts lead to all specialized cells in body; can be put in particular culture and generate different parts of body

85
Q

Adult stem cell

A

cells in adult tissue and replace some of body’s cells (can use for medicine)

86
Q

Regeneration

A

regrowth of lost body parts (lizard tail)

87
Q

Oncogene

A

genes that cause cancer

88
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

to produce embryonic stem cells

89
Q

You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association

A

You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis.

90
Q

The world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______.

A

Humulin

91
Q

Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______.

A

bacteria

Sticky ends” are produced as a result

92
Q

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ______.

A

Desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium.

93
Q

The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is called ______.

A

Gene cloning

Biology (13 decks)

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