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Social Studies 8 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

part of an ocean extending into land and usually larger than a bay

A

Gulf

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2
Q

a narrow strip of land with water on both sides connecting two larger areas of land

A

Isthmus

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3
Q

part of an ocean or lake extending into land and usually smaller than a gulf

A

Bay

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4
Q

a narrow waterway connecting two large bodies of water

A

Straight

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5
Q

a triangular deposit of sand and soil that collects at the mouth of some rivers

A

Delta

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6
Q

a sheltered area of water where ships can anchor safely

A

Harbor

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7
Q

a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or river

A

Tributary

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8
Q

a point of land extending into a body of water

A

Cape

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9
Q

a fertile place in the desert where there is water and some vegetation

A

Oasis

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10
Q

a group of many islands

A

Archipelago

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11
Q

low wet land that supports grass and trees

A

Swamp

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12
Q

a large stream of water that flows into a lake or ocean or other body of water

A

River

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13
Q

an opening in the earth’s surface through which steam and ashes and lava are forced out

A

Volcano

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14
Q

a broad and flat or gently rolling area usually low in elevation

A

Plain

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15
Q

low land between hills or mountains

A

Valley

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16
Q

a large body of water surrounded by land

A

Lake

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17
Q

a row of connected mountains

A

Mountain Range

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18
Q

a land form with high elevation and a pointed or rounded top higher than a hill

A

Mountain

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19
Q

a huge mass of ice that moves slowly down a mountain

A

Glacier

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20
Q

the part of a river where its waters flow into another body of water

A

Mouth

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21
Q

a dry barren region that may be sandy and without trees that does not get more than 10 inches of rain per year.

A

Desert

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22
Q

a narrow deep waterway connecting two bodies of water OR the deepest part of a river or waterway

A

Channel

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23
Q

a waterway dug across land through which ships can pass

A

Canal

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24
Q

an area of land completely surrounded by water

A

Island

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25
Q

land surrounded by water on all sides but one

A

Peninsula

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26
Q

In at least one paragraph, describe how the rise in factories changed the lives and working environments for some Americans.

A

First off, people didn’t have to be skilled at the job to work. It was less costly to hire workers, so the factory owners benefited greatly. The working environments were good and the owners provided clean lodging for the “mill girls.” The labor was split up between lots of different people. The “mill girls” enjoyed their job even though it was six days a week and twelve hours a day. There were some brutal deaths because of the Industrial Revolution and factories, but it was a big step towards a more advanced America.

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27
Q

Inventor of the cotton gin and the idea of interchangeable parts

A

Eli Whitney

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28
Q

Changed the way people in the U.S. lived, worked, and traveled

A

Industrial Revolution

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29
Q

The need or want for a good or service by people who are willing to pay for it

A

Demand

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30
Q

The making of goods on a large scale, using machines

A

Manufacturing

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31
Q

Made it easier to separate seeds from fibers; increased the desire for slave labor in the South

A

Cotton Gin

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32
Q

The amount of goods or services available for sale

A

Supply

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33
Q

A road of crushed rock stretching from Maryland to the Ohio River

A

National Road

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34
Q

The system of producing large amounts of goods at one time

A

Mass Production

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35
Q

All stereotypes about the Native Americans were true.

A

FALSE

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36
Q

Railroad construction increased the supply of buffalo

A

FALSE

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37
Q

Which of the following did the Dawes Act attempt to encourage among Native Americans?

A

Independent farming in each family

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38
Q

Plains Indians tribes ruled through

A

A tribal counsel

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39
Q

At the battle of Little Bighorn, Custer’s troops

A

Were all killed within a matter of 20 minutes by Native Americans

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40
Q

“Total love” ensured NA children’s feet never touched the ground as young babies

A

TRUE

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41
Q

The Native Americans only used one method to kill buffalo.

A

FALSE

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42
Q

Could the Native Americans fully assimilate into the white culture? In your opinion, was the government’s assimilation policy and reservation a success or failure? Support your opinion with specific information (Treaties, Dawes Act, Life on Reservations, Indian Schools etc.)

A

The NAs could not become like whites. They had their own traditions and cultures. It was a failure, because the Indians had more wars after that. Also, the whites taught many bad things to Indian school children that went against the Indian culture. The Dawes Act was ultimately a failure.

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43
Q

The Homestead Act ensured settlers would find gold on their newly acquired land.

A

FALSE

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44
Q

The Exodusters were

A

Former slaves from the South who settled on the Great Plains

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45
Q

Native Americans believed that land should be held in common

A

TRUE

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46
Q

The Homestead Act required those who claimed land under the act to

A

Work and cultivate the land for at least 5 years

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47
Q

Sand Creek and Wounded Knee are famous for being sites of

A

U.S. Army massacres of Native Americans

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48
Q

This Sioux Chief and medicine man predicted Custer’s defeat

A

Sitting Bull

49
Q

Assimilation of the Plains Indians was MAINLY intended to

A

Help them adapt to white culture

50
Q

The policy of treating the Great Plains as one huge reservation changed because?

A

White settlers began to want land on the Plains and the gold too

51
Q

The shortcut that ran through the Black Hills was called the Bozeman Trail.

A

TRUE

52
Q

Nomadic Plains Indian tribes

A

Followed the buffalo herds for all their needs

53
Q

Please answer both parts of this question: 1) Describe the importance of the buffalo to the Plain’s Indians’ way of life. Be sure to explain how the buffalo was used. 2) How did the settlers impact the buffalo population and how did that impact the Native Americans?

A

The Indians used every single part of the buffalo. They would use it for most of the things they had. It was used for clothing, food, toys, etc.. The settlers killed 15 million buffalo to put down railroad tracks! That means that the NAs could not make half the stuff they used to make!

54
Q

Which of the following was NOT one of Custer’s flaws at Little Bighorn?

Custer’s only brought 200 men instead of the whole army

Custer did not have the right maps of the region so his men got lost

Custer’s men and horses were exhausted from other battles

Custer underestimated the number of Sioux Indians

A

Custer did not have the right maps of the region so his men got lost

55
Q

List three Native American stereotypes that we discussed. Be sure to explain why each was not true.

A

Savages: They are very peaceful tribes.

Heathens: They do care about religion and they do many practices.

Drunks and Laziness: They were certainly not lazy, but very hardworking. They were not drunk either, and the peace pipe did not get them high. They only smoked pleasant herbs and spices from it.

56
Q

Which of the following marked the end of the wars between the federal government and the Plains
Indians?

A

The Massacre at Wounded Knee

57
Q

France introduced horses to the Native Americans

A

FALSE

58
Q

What two new discoveries/developments were responsible for attracting white settlers to the West? Explain how each development/discovery impacted the Native Americans. Write in complete sentences and support your answers well.

A

Gold: They NAs had to move because the Government told them that they would be outlaws if they didn’t leave and let whites get the gold.

Homestead Act: The NAs land was put up for sale, and the NAs only got whatever was left, and it was small.

59
Q

Grant followed a strategy of “total war.”

A

True

60
Q

In at least a paragraph, describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. What was it and what effect did it have on the North and on the South?

A

The Emancipation Proclamation stated that if the Union won the war all slaves would be free. This encouraged the many african american soldiers to fight even harder to win the war. The South was outraged at this decision.

61
Q

Abolitionists, who were active in the North before the Civil War, believed in what?

A

doing away with slavery

62
Q

Lincoln was the President during the Civil War era.

A

True

63
Q

The idea of allowing the people of a territory to decide if it would be slave or free was known as what?

A

popular sovereignty

64
Q

Which of the following completes the table below about Vicksburg, Mississippi?

Vicksburg, Mississippi
?
Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River
Its fall split the Confederacy and disrupted trade

A

Under siege by the North from May to July 1863

65
Q

In the 1860 presidential election, whose name was NOT placed on the presidential candidate ballot in ten southern states?

A

Lincoln

66
Q

Women were unable to contribute to the war effort.

A

False

67
Q

Which of the following was one of the many advantages that the North had over the South in the Civil War?

A

economy was more balanced between manufacturing and farming

68
Q

Frederick Douglas was a well-known military general during the Civil War.

A

False

69
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Education and literacy of slaves was encouraged in the South.

A

False

70
Q

In what year did the Civil War end?

A

1865

71
Q

The first Confederate attack on federal property, which started the Civil War, occurred where?

A

Fort Sumter, South Carolina

72
Q

Why was the war fought from 1861 to 1865 in the United States called the Civil War?

A

It was fought by groups within the same country.

73
Q

TRUE or FALSE: “King Cotton” ruled the southern economy.

A

True

74
Q

Who was the president of the Confederate States of America (CSA) during the Civil War?

A

Jefferson Davis

75
Q

In the years leading up to the Civil War, free blacks in the South had ____ political rights.

A

no

76
Q

Under the new Fugitive Slave Act passed in 1850,

A

Citizens would helped a runaway slave could be imprisoned

77
Q

At the end of the Civil War, General ____ surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the town of Appomattox Court House in Virginia.

A

Robert E. Lee

78
Q

Ulysses Grant was a Confederate general.

A

False

79
Q

TRUE or FALSE: To “secede” means to break away.

A

True

80
Q

John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated President Lincoln, was a supporter of which of the following?

A

the South and secession

81
Q

The Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court decision in 1857 reinforced the idea that slaves had no political rights because they were considered to be which of the following?

A

mere property

82
Q

The presence of the Underground Railroad had the effect of ____ the North and South before the Civil War.

A

dividing

83
Q

During the Civil War, why was the city of Vicksburg so difficult for the North to capture?

A

It was situated high on a bluff.

84
Q

The price of field slaves in the United States quadrupled during the first half of the nineteenth century, largely because of the expansion of what plantation crop?

A

cotton

85
Q

The Confederacy had the advantage of fighting on mostly its own ground.

A

True

86
Q

The Battle of Gettysburg is best known as a Confederate victory.

A

False

87
Q

No African Americans fought during the Civil War

A

False

88
Q

Under the Kansas-Nebraska Act, how was the issue of slavery to be decided in new Western states?

A

by a vote of their citizens

89
Q

What Civil War leader fits the descriptions in the table below?

?
• Had little military experience
• Appointed Grant as Union Army commander after a series of poor generals
• Favored a moderate reconstruction policy for the South after the war

A

Abraham Lincoln

90
Q

Which of the following early Reconstruction measures directly contributed to the education of former slaves?

A

the Freedman’s Bureau

91
Q

Public education in the South was one of Reconstruction’s successes.

A

True

92
Q

The correct term for a white southern Republican is

A

scalawag

93
Q

During the 1870s, the public lost confidence in many governmental officials due to corruption.

A

True

94
Q

Which Amendment is this?
“All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall…deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person…the equal protection of the laws.”

A

14th Amendment

95
Q

White women gained the right to vote with African American males.

A

False

96
Q

Which Amendment is this?
“Neither slavery nor involutnary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the [person] shall have been dulyu convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction [legal authority].”

A

13th Amendment

97
Q

Why did sharecroppers become trapped in a cycle of poverty?

A

They did not earn enough cash to pay their debts.

98
Q

The Supreme Court was left to interpret how the Reconstruction Amendments should be applied.

A

True

99
Q

How did MOST freedmen meet their basic needs after the Civil War ended?

A

They worked pieces of land through an arrangement called sharecropping.

100
Q

The correct term for a person who rented and farmed a peice of land is

A

sharecropper

101
Q

How did members of Congress react to the black codes?

A

Outraged Republicans vowed to develop a stricter Reconstruction plan

102
Q

What was Reconstruction, and during what years did it take place? What events marked its beginning and end?

A

1865-1877

After the Civil War, the North and South were trying to join back together. The beginning, was, of course, after the Civil War. It ended in governmental corruption.

103
Q

Which of the following completes the table below?

A

Johnson’s Plan

104
Q

Why did southern states agree to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment?

A

Ratification of the amendment helped their states win presidential approval to rejoin the Union

105
Q

Which Amendment is this?
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged [reduced] by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

A

15th Amendment

106
Q

To rejoin the Union after the Civil War, Confederate states had to meet certain requirements. One required them to ratify a constitutional amendment that granted citizenship to all people born in the United States. What amendment was this?

A

14

107
Q

The correct term for a northerner who went to the South after the Civil War is

A

carpetbagger

108
Q

What was Abraham Lincoln’s approach to Reconstruction after the Civil War?

A

He would welcome the South back into the Union.

109
Q

Thomas Nast is known as the Father of the American political cartoon.

A

True

110
Q

Reconstruction was a process that occurred ____ the Civil War.

A

after

111
Q

Southern states never attempted to reestablish the conditions from before the Civil War.

A

False

112
Q

The correct term for someone who was a former slave is

A

freedman

113
Q

What provision did the Compromise of 1850 include?

A

California would be admitted as a free state

114
Q

Abolitionists believed that slavery

A

was morally wrong and wanted to end it

115
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Factories in the South created an established middle class.

A

False

116
Q

How did northerners and southerners view slavery?

A

The Northerners viewed slavery as morally wrong and there were few Northerners who supported it. The South supported large plantations, which meant lots of work for slaves. Therefore, you can just think that many Southerners supported slavery.

117
Q

TRUE or FALSE: To “secede” means to break away.

A

True

118
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Education and literacy of slaves was encouraged in the South.

A

False

Social Studies 8 (6 decks)

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