Final Exam

Question 1

Experiment

Answer 1

Must include at least one manipulated variable and at least one measured variable

Question 2

Manipulated Variable

Answer 2

Researcher assigns participants to levels of the variable

Question 3

Measured Variable

Answer 3

Researcher records what happens

Question 4

Independent Variable

Answer 4

Manipulated Variable

Question 5

Dependent Variable

Answer 5

Measured Variable

Question 6

Control Variable

Answer 6

Any variable that an experimenter holds constant

Question 7

Why do an experiment?

Answer 7

To have a more valid study, to make causal claims, to generalize more people, to collect evidence in the real world, to be the most scientific

Question 8

What types of groups are used in experiments?

Answer 8

Treatment Groups, Comparison Groups, Control Groups, Placebo Group

Question 9

How do experiments apply to covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity?

Answer 9

It is also about the outcome, the cause variable comes before the effect variable, and well designed experiments rule out alternative explanations

Question 10

Design Confound

Answer 10

When a second variable varies systematically along with the IV

Question 11

Systematic Variability

Answer 11

Design Confound

Question 12

Unsystematic Variability

Answer 12

Randomly distributed across groups

Question 13

Selection Effect

Answer 13

Participants in one level of the IV are systematically different than participants in the other level of the IV

Question 14

How do you avoid selection effects?

Answer 14

Random Assignment and Matched Groups

Question 15

Independent Groups Designs

Answer 15

Different groups of participants are placed at different levels of the IV

Question 16

Within-Groups Design

Answer 16

Each participant is presented with all levels of the IV

Question 17

Posttest Only Design

Answer 17

Participants are randomly assigned to IV groups and are tested on the DV just once

Question 18

Pretest/Posttest Design

Answer 18

Participants are tested on the DV once before and once after exposure to the IV

Question 19

What can obscure the differences between means?

Answer 19

Too much variability within-groups

Question 20

What are the sources of unsystematic variability?

Answer 20

Measurement Error, Individual Differences, and Situation Noise

Question 21

Factorial Designs

Answer 21

A study with two independent variables

Question 22

What can factorial designs do?

Answer 22

Test limits, test theories, and show interactions

Question 23

IVs can be manipulated as:

Answer 23

Within-groups or Between-groups

Question 24

What would the method section of an empirical journal article state?

Answer 24

This was a factorial design with ____ and ____ as independent variables.

Question 25

What will the results section describe?

Answer 25

The statistical tests for main effects and interactions

Question 26

What should be looked for in popular press articles?

Answer 26

Key phrases such as "it depends"

Question 27

Concurrent Measures Design

Answer 27

Participants are exposed to all levels of the IV at the same time and preference is the DV

Question 28

Repeated Measures Design

Answer 28

P's are measured on the DV after exposure to each level of the IV

Question 29

What are the advantages of within-groups designs?

Answer 29

Equivalent Groups, increases power to detect difference between conditions, requires fewer participants

Question 30

Equivalent Groups

Answer 30

Participants serve as their own controls

Question 31

What are the disadvantages of within-groups designs?

Answer 31

Order Effect, Might not be practical or possible, Demand Characteristics

Question 32

Order Effect

Answer 32

Being exposed to one condition may change how participants respond to other conditions

Question 33

Counterbalancing

Answer 33

Presenting levels of the IV to participants in different orders

Question 34

Manipulation Check

Answer 34

An extra DV is added to quantify how well a manipulation worked

Question 35

Pilot Study

Answer 35

Uses a separate group of P's to confirm the effectiveness of the IV manipulation

Question 36

What is known as the really bad experiment?

Answer 36

One group pretest/posttest design

Question 37

What are the Dirty Dozen Threats to Internal Validity?

Answer 37

Design confound, selection effect, order effect, maturation, history, regression to the mean, attrition, testing, instrumentation, observer bias, demand characteristics, placebo effects

Question 38

Maturation Threat

Answer 38

A spontaneous change in behavior over time

Question 39

History Threat

Answer 39

Some external event affects most members of the treatment group at the time of the treatment

Question 40

Regression Threat

Answer 40

Extremely low or high scores at time 1 are less likely to be extreme at time 2

Question 41

Attrition Threat

Answer 41

Some participants drop out of the study from pretest to posttest

Question 42

Testing Threat

Answer 42

A change in participants as a result of experiencing the DV more than once

Question 43

Instrumentation Threat

Answer 43

Occur when the measuring instrument changes over time

Question 44

How would you describe the main effect?

Answer 44

"There is a main effect for _____ such that _____ is higher than _____.

Question 45

How would you describe an interaction?

Answer 45

Every interaction is different - there is no single sentence structure Try the simple main effects strategy